This document outlines various accessibility-related user needs, requirements and scenarios for both synchronous and asynchronous web-based collaboration tools. These tools typically include one or more specific collaborative features such as content editing by multiple authors, support for comments annotations, and revision control in real-time synchronous sessions, or asynchronously. Asynchronous tools are more commonly known as revision control systems rather than collaboration tools though their functionality is otherwise very similar. The Cloud-based office application suites from Google and Microsoft are well-known examples of synchronous, real-time collaboration tools, though they also support asynchronous collaboration. Web tools built on git are well-known example of asynchronous collaboration tools.

The accessibility user needs and requirements described in this document may be implemented in the collaboration tool itself, or in an assistive technology application such as a screen reader or screen magnifier. Widely used desktop applications such as word processors and spread sheets also commonly support collaboration features. We take a holistic approach to give foremost priority to the user's perspective, leading to the identification of features and solutions that may be implemented by different components of the software stack involved in performing a collaborative task.

Although the user needs and requirements identified in this document are non-normative, they may influence the development of future accessibility guidelines, normative technical specifications, or features of collaboration tools and assistive technologies. They are relevant to software developers who contribute to the collaborative experience.

Editor's Note: Contributing to this Document

This updated working draft publication is a document intended to become an Accessible Platform Architectures (APA) Note. The intent of this (and all) APA working draft publications is to gain a wider review of its content and solicit feedback on user needs that may have been missed, underrepresented, or sub-optimally described.

APA encourages review and feedback from all accessibility perspectives to ensure future drafts are as comprehensive as possible.

Introduction

What are collaboration tools?

For the purposes of this document, a collaboration tool is any software that supports features designed to facilitate the interactive creation, editing or annotation of content by multiple contributors, whether working in simultaneous collaboration or asynchronously. Examples of collaboration tools include

Distinctive features of collaboration tools

This document focuses primarily on features unique to collaboration tools, rather than features which they share with other Web applications or with application software in general. Indeed, any tool that provides one or more of the features enumerated here may benefit from the user needs and corresponding requirements elaborated in the sections that follow.

The distinctive capabilities of collaboration tools are illustrated by the examples described in the section: . It is important to consider how these features are manifested in the tool's user interface. From this perspective, the distinguishing features may be described as follows.

Real-time and asynchronous co-editing
A feature enabling multiple authors to edit the same content simultaneously or over days, weeks months, and years. In synchronous co-editing, the changes introduced by different authors in real-time are combined almost immediately, using algorithms such as operational transformation [[concurrency-control]]. The combined changes are then made immediately visible in all of the participating authors' editing sessions. The effect is that each author may perceive, in real time,
  • Edits proposed by collaborators,
  • The location of other editors' focus within content.
Asynchronous edits, on the other hand, are made visible on document reload.
Annotation of content with comments
Some tools enable users to associate comments with parts of the content that is being read or edited. In systems such as word processors, replying to comments is supported, allowing threads of discussion to be associated with parts of a document.
Comparing revisions
Some systems can display the differences between revisions of content for purposes of comparison.
Suggested changes
Some word processors can show changes (insertions, deletions and formatting-related modifications) made by collaborators, which an author can choose to accept or reject. These revisions are sometimes referred to as suggested changes or as tracked changes. Each change may be accompanied by metadata, for example the identity of the author who made the change, and a time stamp.
Access controls
Some collaborative environments support access controls, allowing restrictions to be imposed on modification of part or all of the content. Permission to modify content may be granted on a granular basis to specific individuals or to groups of users. For example, in a collaborative tool for creating fillable forms, some users may only be allowed to change the values of input fields (i.e., to complete a form), whereas others may be free to edit any aspect of the document, including the addition, deletion and rearrangement of form fields.

Collaboration tools differ widely in the nature of content that may be edited. They also differ widely in the user interfaces presented to users. For example:

As the preceding cases suggest, collaboration tools are not restricted by the kind of content that may be edited. Thus, tools that support editing of static images, mathematical notation, or other content types are also within the scope of this document. However, only the collaboration-related aspects of such systems are addressed here. The accessibility issues arising from creating and editing different types of content are not considered in this document, as they are separate problems from the user needs associated with the collaborative features of the tools.

Nevertheless it is important that collaborative tools support the full range of editing functions associated with making web content accessible. Among others this would include the ability to add headings, provide alternative text for images and add captions to videos.

Some collaboration tools support accessibility by mapping unique keyboard commands. Some also organize their feature options in unique menus or uniquely located menus. We prefer collaboration tools that utilize standard menu organization and typical keyboard commands now well known to users from the stand-alone desktop environment. Standard controls require far less learning from the user, whereas specific accessibility modes with custom keyboard commands, and with menus that shift their location on screen pose significantly steep learning challenges to most users with disabilities, not just users with cognitive and learning disabilities.

Defining User needs

Specific user needs are frequently defined both by task required to achieve a particular goal and also by environmental conditions. Context matters. For example, the cognitive demands imposed by interacting with the collaboration-related features of an application depend not only on the needs and capabilities of the user, including the possible presence of assistive technology, but also on the context. A collaborative task that the user can perform independently while working alone in a distraction-free environment may become cognitively burdensome if performed in a situation such as a meeting. Working with comments and suggested changes in a document may become more cognitively demanding if other authors are simultaneously editing the same content, and the user needs to be aware of their activities (e.g., to avoid introducing conflicting changes) while still performing the editing task. The use of different input types and methods, such as speech input or switch-based input, can affect the amount of time required to enter and edit text, as well as the user's ability to respond to potentially disruptive changes introduced by collaborators.'

Collaboration tools and accessibility

By following established guidance, notably that of Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) [[wcag22]], designers of collaboration tools can help ensure that their user interfaces are perceivable to and operable by a wide range of users with disabilities. Following the Guidelines also enables user interfaces to be more understandable, and to be robust in their support for a range of user agents and assistive technologies. In addition, broadly applicable guidance on improving accessibility for people with cognitive and learning disabilities has been published in [[coga-usable]]. However, implementing current guidelines and suggested practices is not sufficient by itself to ensure that the user interface of a collaboration tool can be understood and used efficiently by people with disabilities. Thus, conforming to WCAG may well be insufficient for collaborative environments. For example WCAG does not inform automated interface simplification — a general web accessibility requirement being considered in APA's WAI-Adapt Task Force.

The collaboration features of these tools are necessarily complex. This can impose significant cognitive demands on many users, not only users with specialized accessibility requirements. This is especially true for users of screen readers, screen magnification and color contrast assistive technologies, as well as for persons living with various cognitive and learning disabilities. For this reason, the unique cognitive demands established by collaborative content creation applications can impose barriers to access which are addressable, in part, by making appropriate software design and implementation choices. Additional control of cognitive demands can be achieved by using the application and any assistive technologies appropriately in a collaborative setting, and by ensuring that the social context in which the collaboration occurs supports participation by contributors with disabilities (see section ).

Many users cannot track updates on multiple locations simultaneously, rather, they must view and comprehend the interactive elements of the application's features sequentially, for example in speech or braille for screen reader users. A screen reader or magnifier used in a collaborative application may well present suggested changes and comments in one section of the screen while the user is reading a document in a word processor. The user may also be expected to be communicating verbally with fellow collaborators (e.g., in a meeting) while undertaking editing tasks or comparing multiple revisions of content. Moreover, in applications supporting real-time collaborative editing, incoming changes made by other contributors may alter the content that the user is reading or editing in real time. These cognitive demands can be particularly challenging if a person is working with a user interface that is unfamiliar, whether it be an application or an assistive technology.

Due to the cognitive demands created by collaboration tools in the practical and social contexts in which they are used, strategies for improving accessibility are desirable that extend beyond current W3C guidance as documented elsewhere.

Thus when we talk about collaborative tools we must consider accessibility burdens imposed by their concomitant complexity. In truth, collaborative tools are necessarily complex interfaces for all users, and not only persons with various disabilities. The salient point here is that the failure to design to accomodate persons with disabilities can well prevent their participation in collaborative work. What constitutes challenging complexity for most users will inevitably become a showstopper for some persons with disabilities.

A fairly common accessibility failure is the use of arbitrary color to flag edits put forth by different collaborators. However, identifying collaborators only by colorization violates WCAG 2.2 Success Criterion 1.4.1 as described below in User Need 11.

Social Considerations

Collaborative tools should support all identified accessibility features in order to provide comprehensive accessibility. However, it is unlikely all features will be needed by any individual collaborative team effort. We assume persons with disabilities are brought into collaborative teams because of the contributions they are expected to make in the project. Teams are encouraged to focus on accommodating the specific accessibility needs of participating team members in order to operate most efficiently and productively.

Scope and Applicability of this Document

Accessibility-related guidance provided in this document is applicable to a wide variety of tools. No unnecessary restriction is placed on the types of Web-based software to which it may reasonably be applied.

If a tool implements one or more of the distinctive features described in section , then the guidance in this document which addresses each such supported feature is relevant and applicable to the tool. Thus, the scope of the document includes any tool implemented using Web technologies that implements at least one of the distinctive features for which guidance is offered in the sections that follow.

For example, an annotation tool supporting the association of shared comments with selected text in Web pages would offer only a single feature described in this document. For this reason, only section Annotations would be relevant to the tool.

Terms

WYSIWYG
An acronym for What You See Is What You Get. As described by Wikipedia, it refers to software which allows content to be edited in a form that resembles its appearance when printed or displayed as a finished product, such as a printed document, web page, or slide presentation. WYSIWYG implies a user interface that allows the user to view something very similar to the result while the document is being created.

Real-Time co-editing

WCAG requires that status messages be made available to assistive technologies. See Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) 2.2 [[wcag22]], success criterion 4.1.3, and the associated definition of status message.

Annotations

See Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) 2.2 [[wcag22]], success criterion 1.3.1.

REQ 8 may be valuable to users in general, and it should be considered for inclusion as a feature of collaboration tools themselves.

Version control features

Suggested changes

Presenting Differences Between Revisions

Summarizations

Notifications and Messages

Collaboration tools may send notifications to the user for a variety of reasons. For example, a user may be notified if a collaborator asynchronously submits changes to a document or project, or adds a comment. These notifications may be delivered via operating system facilities, or by a messaging service, such as e-mail or an instant message protocol. Moreover, the collaboration tool may support commenting, issue tracking, or other forms of interaction via external messaging. These optional capabilities are addressed in the following user needs and system requirements.

Access Controls

A collaborative environment may provide access controls to restrict the modification of content to specified individuals or groups of users. Moreover, access controls may be applied to the entire content, as in a document which is marked as read-only in a text editor or office application, or they may restrict editing to designated parts. Depending on the capabilities of the application, permissions may be changed by an authorized user during a collaborative editing session.

Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) 2.2 [[wcag22]] should be consulted for guidance on ensuring that the user interface for configuring access controls meets appropriate accessibility requirements.

General Guidance on Implementing Accessibility Features of Collaborative Environments

To facilitate effective collaboration, applications should be designed to respect conventions of user interface design that are likely to be expected by users, including those who have disabilities.

Provision of an API does not diminish the importance of ensuring that user interfaces provided by the application satisfy accessibility requirements. Nor is REQ 19C applicable to all collaborative environments. For example, some applications are highly dependent on editing functions specific to the tool itself, and should not be expected to interoperate with external editors.