16. Image classification using deep learning

In the previous notebooks, we have mostly focused on the segmentation task, i.e isolating structures in images. Another major image processing task is instead to classify entire images. For example when screening for skin caner, one is not necessarily in segmenting a tumor but rather saying whether a tumor is absent or present in an image.

Deep learning methods have been shown in the past years to be very efficient in this exercise, and many different networks have been designed. A lot of models can be found online, for example on Github. In addition, Keras, a very popular high-level package for machine learning, offers ready-to-use implementations of many popular networks. Those networks have already been trained on specific datasets, but of course one can re-train them to solve other classification tasks. Here we are going to see how to use these Keras implementations.

16.1 Importing the model

It is straightforward to import the needed model. Documentations can be found here. Here we are using the VGG16 model that has been trained on the ImageNet dataset, which classifies objects in 1000 categories.

In [1]:
from keras.applications.vgg16 import VGG16
from keras.applications.vgg16 import preprocess_input
from keras.applications.vgg16 import decode_predictions

#from keras.applications.xception import Xception
#from keras.applications.xception import preprocess_input
#from keras.applications.xception import decode_predictions

import numpy as np
import skimage
import skimage.io
import skimage.transform
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

Using TensorFlow backend.

Now we load the model, specifying the weights to be used. Those weights define all the filters that are used in the convolution steps as well as the actual weights that combine information from the output of different filters.

In [2]:
model = VGG16(weights='imagenet', include_top=True)
#model = Xception(weights='imagenet', include_top=True)

WARNING: Logging before flag parsing goes to stderr.
W0123 11:15:52.456051 140581987952384 deprecation_wrapper.py:119] From /usr/local/lib/python3.5/dist-packages/keras/backend/tensorflow_backend.py:4070: The name tf.nn.max_pool is deprecated. Please use tf.nn.max_pool2d instead.


Downloading data from https://github.com/fchollet/deep-learning-models/releases/download/v0.1/vgg16_weights_tf_dim_ordering_tf_kernels.h5
553467904/553467096 [==============================] - 91s 0us/step

We can have a look at the structure of the network:

In [3]:
model.summary()

Model: "vgg16"
_________________________________________________________________
Layer (type)                 Output Shape              Param #   
=================================================================
input_1 (InputLayer)         (None, 224, 224, 3)       0         
_________________________________________________________________
block1_conv1 (Conv2D)        (None, 224, 224, 64)      1792      
_________________________________________________________________
block1_conv2 (Conv2D)        (None, 224, 224, 64)      36928     
_________________________________________________________________
block1_pool (MaxPooling2D)   (None, 112, 112, 64)      0         
_________________________________________________________________
block2_conv1 (Conv2D)        (None, 112, 112, 128)     73856     
_________________________________________________________________
block2_conv2 (Conv2D)        (None, 112, 112, 128)     147584    
_________________________________________________________________
block2_pool (MaxPooling2D)   (None, 56, 56, 128)       0         
_________________________________________________________________
block3_conv1 (Conv2D)        (None, 56, 56, 256)       295168    
_________________________________________________________________
block3_conv2 (Conv2D)        (None, 56, 56, 256)       590080    
_________________________________________________________________
block3_conv3 (Conv2D)        (None, 56, 56, 256)       590080    
_________________________________________________________________
block3_pool (MaxPooling2D)   (None, 28, 28, 256)       0         
_________________________________________________________________
block4_conv1 (Conv2D)        (None, 28, 28, 512)       1180160   
_________________________________________________________________
block4_conv2 (Conv2D)        (None, 28, 28, 512)       2359808   
_________________________________________________________________
block4_conv3 (Conv2D)        (None, 28, 28, 512)       2359808   
_________________________________________________________________
block4_pool (MaxPooling2D)   (None, 14, 14, 512)       0         
_________________________________________________________________
block5_conv1 (Conv2D)        (None, 14, 14, 512)       2359808   
_________________________________________________________________
block5_conv2 (Conv2D)        (None, 14, 14, 512)       2359808   
_________________________________________________________________
block5_conv3 (Conv2D)        (None, 14, 14, 512)       2359808   
_________________________________________________________________
block5_pool (MaxPooling2D)   (None, 7, 7, 512)         0         
_________________________________________________________________
flatten (Flatten)            (None, 25088)             0         
_________________________________________________________________
fc1 (Dense)                  (None, 4096)              102764544 
_________________________________________________________________
fc2 (Dense)                  (None, 4096)              16781312  
_________________________________________________________________
predictions (Dense)          (None, 1000)              4097000   
=================================================================
Total params: 138,357,544
Trainable params: 138,357,544
Non-trainable params: 0
_________________________________________________________________

16.2 Choosing and adjusting an image

Let's test the network on a simple image of an elephant:

In [4]:
image = skimage.io.imread('https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/Afrikanische_Elefant%2C_Miami2.jpg')
In [5]:
plt.imshow(image)
plt.show()

Models are always expecting images of a certain size, and with intensities around a given values. This is taken care of here:

In [6]:
#adjust image size and dimensions
image_resize = skimage.transform.resize(image,(224,224),preserve_range=True)
x = np.expand_dims(image_resize, axis=0)

#adjust image intensities
x = preprocess_input(x)

/usr/local/lib/python3.5/dist-packages/skimage/transform/_warps.py:105: UserWarning: The default mode, 'constant', will be changed to 'reflect' in skimage 0.15.
  warn("The default mode, 'constant', will be changed to 'reflect' in "
/usr/local/lib/python3.5/dist-packages/skimage/transform/_warps.py:110: UserWarning: Anti-aliasing will be enabled by default in skimage 0.15 to avoid aliasing artifacts when down-sampling images.
  warn("Anti-aliasing will be enabled by default in skimage 0.15 to "

16.3 Prediction

Finally, we can pass that modified image to the network to give a prediction:

In [7]:
features = model.predict(x)

W0123 11:17:29.866466 140581987952384 deprecation_wrapper.py:119] From /usr/local/lib/python3.5/dist-packages/keras/backend/tensorflow_backend.py:422: The name tf.global_variables is deprecated. Please use tf.compat.v1.global_variables instead.

When we look at the dimensions of the output, we see that we have a vector of 1000 dimensions. Each dimensions corresponds to a category and the value represents the probability that the image contains that category. If we plot the vector we see that the image clearly belong to one category:

In [8]:
features.shape
Out[8]:
(1, 1000)
In [9]:
plt.plot(features.T)
plt.show()

We can use the decond function, to know what this category index corresponds to:

In [10]:
decode_predictions(features, top=1000)

Downloading data from https://storage.googleapis.com/download.tensorflow.org/data/imagenet_class_index.json
40960/35363 [==================================] - 0s 1us/step
Out[10]:
[[('n02504458', 'African_elephant', 0.97247916),
  ('n01871265', 'tusker', 0.02319269),
  ('n02504013', 'Indian_elephant', 0.004200729),
  ('n02437312', 'Arabian_camel', 9.9511075e-05),
  ('n02100583', 'vizsla', 6.808777e-06),
  ('n02099849', 'Chesapeake_Bay_retriever', 2.5692e-06),
  ('n03124170', 'cowboy_hat', 1.1540138e-06),
  ('n01704323', 'triceratops', 1.0709498e-06),
  ('n02389026', 'sorrel', 1.0571564e-06),
  ('n02422106', 'hartebeest', 8.660311e-07),
  ('n02096051', 'Airedale', 7.121821e-07),
  ('n02090379', 'redbone', 6.9493774e-07),
  ('n02087394', 'Rhodesian_ridgeback', 6.583336e-07),
  ('n04604644', 'worm_fence', 5.9125585e-07),
  ('n02092339', 'Weimaraner', 5.736652e-07),
  ('n03124043', 'cowboy_boot', 5.6223433e-07),
  ('n01688243', 'frilled_lizard', 4.8969315e-07),
  ('n03697007', 'lumbermill', 3.873958e-07),
  ('n03404251', 'fur_coat', 3.7333308e-07),
  ('n04350905', 'suit', 3.6049698e-07),
  ('n04259630', 'sombrero', 3.3618875e-07),
  ('n04399382', 'teddy', 3.2949515e-07),
  ('n07734744', 'mushroom', 3.0491432e-07),
  ('n07754684', 'jackfruit', 2.5534945e-07),
  ('n02408429', 'water_buffalo', 2.43335e-07),
  ('n04458633', 'totem_pole', 2.3871908e-07),
  ('n04597913', 'wooden_spoon', 2.3287092e-07),
  ('n11879895', 'rapeseed', 2.2912964e-07),
  ('n02963159', 'cardigan', 2.2274801e-07),
  ('n07802026', 'hay', 1.8962464e-07),
  ('n02088466', 'bloodhound', 1.8776879e-07),
  ('n02129165', 'lion', 1.8023877e-07),
  ('n02410509', 'bison', 1.5872558e-07),
  ('n02403003', 'ox', 1.5586099e-07),
  ('n02454379', 'armadillo', 1.5301437e-07),
  ('n03498962', 'hatchet', 1.4770363e-07),
  ('n04208210', 'shovel', 1.4289928e-07),
  ('n01518878', 'ostrich', 1.2654296e-07),
  ('n02412080', 'ram', 1.2329042e-07),
  ('n02109047', 'Great_Dane', 1.1550219e-07),
  ('n04417672', 'thatch', 1.0752834e-07),
  ('n03134739', 'croquet_ball', 1.0582936e-07),
  ('n03000684', 'chain_saw', 1.0351832e-07),
  ('n02906734', 'broom', 9.7853764e-08),
  ('n04099969', 'rocking_chair', 9.2880164e-08),
  ('n04562935', 'water_tower', 9.1811906e-08),
  ('n02489166', 'proboscis_monkey', 9.11181e-08),
  ('n02793495', 'barn', 8.838817e-08),
  ('n04371430', 'swimming_trunks', 8.648289e-08),
  ('n02113799', 'standard_poodle', 8.531001e-08),
  ('n04599235', 'wool', 8.296619e-08),
  ('n02843684', 'birdhouse', 8.085067e-08),
  ('n03776460', 'mobile_home', 7.9733795e-08),
  ('n02012849', 'crane', 7.9576395e-08),
  ('n02099429', 'curly-coated_retriever', 7.6460026e-08),
  ('n02397096', 'warthog', 7.4261834e-08),
  ('n01677366', 'common_iguana', 7.244132e-08),
  ('n02391049', 'zebra', 6.915432e-08),
  ('n02095570', 'Lakeland_terrier', 6.5524716e-08),
  ('n02093991', 'Irish_terrier', 6.52822e-08),
  ('n03743016', 'megalith', 6.347313e-08),
  ('n04532670', 'viaduct', 6.3057904e-08),
  ('n02422699', 'impala', 5.915353e-08),
  ('n02093647', 'Bedlington_terrier', 5.7262092e-08),
  ('n02099601', 'golden_retriever', 5.716737e-08),
  ('n03803284', 'muzzle', 5.6893036e-08),
  ('n03873416', 'paddle', 5.4728215e-08),
  ('n01695060', 'Komodo_dragon', 5.4479095e-08),
  ('n02415577', 'bighorn', 4.832162e-08),
  ('n03047690', 'clog', 4.7853764e-08),
  ('n03868242', 'oxcart', 4.773407e-08),
  ('n04479046', 'trench_coat', 4.3397336e-08),
  ('n09421951', 'sandbar', 4.32897e-08),
  ('n02091635', 'otterhound', 4.3287308e-08),
  ('n03017168', 'chime', 4.3020872e-08),
  ('n03930313', 'picket_fence', 4.1656634e-08),
  ('n09256479', 'coral_reef', 4.1114035e-08),
  ('n03976657', 'pole', 3.7683844e-08),
  ('n03000247', 'chain_mail', 3.767982e-08),
  ('n02879718', 'bow', 3.4870876e-08),
  ('n01917289', 'brain_coral', 3.4547018e-08),
  ('n13044778', 'earthstar', 3.3149608e-08),
  ('n03933933', 'pier', 3.201476e-08),
  ('n02437616', 'llama', 3.1714706e-08),
  ('n02108422', 'bull_mastiff', 3.156504e-08),
  ('n02137549', 'mongoose', 2.9723848e-08),
  ('n13133613', 'ear', 2.9454137e-08),
  ('n02089973', 'English_foxhound', 2.8814835e-08),
  ('n02091244', 'Ibizan_hound', 2.8095045e-08),
  ('n02091831', 'Saluki', 2.769632e-08),
  ('n04507155', 'umbrella', 2.7398773e-08),
  ('n03884397', 'panpipe', 2.656791e-08),
  ('n12144580', 'corn', 2.6197602e-08),
  ('n03595614', 'jersey', 2.6191858e-08),
  ('n01496331', 'electric_ray', 2.5924116e-08),
  ('n04049303', 'rain_barrel', 2.5172854e-08),
  ('n01824575', 'coucal', 2.5111856e-08),
  ('n02007558', 'flamingo', 2.4974003e-08),
  ('n02114712', 'red_wolf', 2.4958098e-08),
  ('n02423022', 'gazelle', 2.4626429e-08),
  ('n04254777', 'sock', 2.4583395e-08),
  ('n13054560', 'bolete', 2.3513051e-08),
  ('n04326547', 'stone_wall', 2.1967924e-08),
  ('n02909870', 'bucket', 2.1730758e-08),
  ('n02105162', 'malinois', 2.1461329e-08),
  ('n02883205', 'bow_tie', 2.1060647e-08),
  ('n03902125', 'pay-phone', 2.0461677e-08),
  ('n10148035', 'groom', 1.9235646e-08),
  ('n03967562', 'plow', 1.9046386e-08),
  ('n04192698', 'shield', 1.8631171e-08),
  ('n04254680', 'soccer_ball', 1.819816e-08),
  ('n02074367', 'dugong', 1.7633921e-08),
  ('n04044716', 'radio_telescope', 1.7616742e-08),
  ('n02641379', 'gar', 1.7576768e-08),
  ('n03042490', 'cliff_dwelling', 1.6449762e-08),
  ('n04613696', 'yurt', 1.6424746e-08),
  ('n03538406', 'horse_cart', 1.6036495e-08),
  ('n02640242', 'sturgeon', 1.6000076e-08),
  ('n04270147', 'spatula', 1.5890983e-08),
  ('n03425413', 'gas_pump', 1.5823385e-08),
  ('n01697457', 'African_crocodile', 1.5490157e-08),
  ('n03146219', 'cuirass', 1.5170368e-08),
  ('n02107574', 'Greater_Swiss_Mountain_dog', 1.5065611e-08),
  ('n03141823', 'crutch', 1.4982739e-08),
  ('n02795169', 'barrel', 1.497868e-08),
  ('n02099712', 'Labrador_retriever', 1.493677e-08),
  ('n01440764', 'tench', 1.4627513e-08),
  ('n02099267', 'flat-coated_retriever', 1.4546051e-08),
  ('n02797295', 'barrow', 1.4197849e-08),
  ('n03733281', 'maze', 1.4002735e-08),
  ('n02108089', 'boxer', 1.356423e-08),
  ('n04509417', 'unicycle', 1.3452794e-08),
  ('n03720891', 'maraca', 1.33941125e-08),
  ('n03804744', 'nail', 1.2996165e-08),
  ('n09332890', 'lakeside', 1.2460943e-08),
  ('n03461385', 'grocery_store', 1.2266772e-08),
  ('n02105412', 'kelpie', 1.2208488e-08),
  ('n01818515', 'macaw', 1.2167434e-08),
  ('n04332243', 'strainer', 1.199679e-08),
  ('n03980874', 'poncho', 1.1954397e-08),
  ('n02114855', 'coyote', 1.1713053e-08),
  ('n01614925', 'bald_eagle', 1.1709188e-08),
  ('n01806143', 'peacock', 1.1699344e-08),
  ('n02095314', 'wire-haired_fox_terrier', 1.1537376e-08),
  ('n03710637', 'maillot', 1.1533152e-08),
  ('n13052670', 'hen-of-the-woods', 1.14829755e-08),
  ('n02098105', 'soft-coated_wheaten_terrier', 1.1461575e-08),
  ('n07684084', 'French_loaf', 1.1281792e-08),
  ('n03532672', 'hook', 1.1261561e-08),
  ('n02841315', 'binoculars', 1.104861e-08),
  ('n02111129', 'Leonberg', 1.0944369e-08),
  ('n02104029', 'kuvasz', 1.0876135e-08),
  ('n04136333', 'sarong', 1.0849407e-08),
  ('n02018795', 'bustard', 1.0660523e-08),
  ('n02672831', 'accordion', 1.0643072e-08),
  ('n01687978', 'agama', 1.0528449e-08),
  ('n03947888', 'pirate', 1.04642055e-08),
  ('n02115641', 'dingo', 1.038824e-08),
  ('n03899768', 'patio', 1.029023e-08),
  ('n02859443', 'boathouse', 1.002748e-08),
  ('n01855672', 'goose', 9.945669e-09),
  ('n03991062', 'pot', 9.9173505e-09),
  ('n02727426', 'apiary', 9.779531e-09),
  ('n03372029', 'flute', 9.739491e-09),
  ('n02094114', 'Norfolk_terrier', 9.687578e-09),
  ('n02317335', 'starfish', 9.576979e-09),
  ('n09246464', 'cliff', 9.438921e-09),
  ('n02514041', 'barracouta', 9.358341e-09),
  ('n04540053', 'volleyball', 9.238558e-09),
  ('n02951358', 'canoe', 9.224877e-09),
  ('n03045698', 'cloak', 9.170108e-09),
  ('n03495258', 'harp', 9.0106145e-09),
  ('n02807133', 'bathing_cap', 8.645168e-09),
  ('n04371774', 'swing', 8.607408e-09),
  ('n02100236', 'German_short-haired_pointer', 8.5745855e-09),
  ('n12985857', 'coral_fungus', 8.013321e-09),
  ('n02786058', 'Band_Aid', 8.008828e-09),
  ('n03424325', 'gasmask', 7.880754e-09),
  ('n02090721', 'Irish_wolfhound', 7.843608e-09),
  ('n01768244', 'trilobite', 7.807607e-09),
  ('n04525038', 'velvet', 7.682252e-09),
  ('n04204347', 'shopping_cart', 7.636511e-09),
  ('n13037406', 'gyromitra', 7.601866e-09),
  ('n02667093', 'abaya', 7.215597e-09),
  ('n02093754', 'Border_terrier', 7.0909505e-09),
  ('n02013706', 'limpkin', 6.867661e-09),
  ('n02277742', 'ringlet', 6.8644916e-09),
  ('n02089867', 'Walker_hound', 6.795319e-09),
  ('n03763968', 'military_uniform', 6.453072e-09),
  ('n03445924', 'golfcart', 6.439707e-09),
  ('n02117135', 'hyena', 6.406616e-09),
  ('n02088364', 'beagle', 6.3973973e-09),
  ('n01558993', 'robin', 6.3624848e-09),
  ('n01753488', 'horned_viper', 6.330286e-09),
  ('n01698640', 'American_alligator', 6.3221055e-09),
  ('n02398521', 'hippopotamus', 6.2997643e-09),
  ('n03127925', 'crate', 6.2848464e-09),
  ('n02130308', 'cheetah', 6.0471335e-09),
  ('n02125311', 'cougar', 6.035104e-09),
  ('n01755581', 'diamondback', 5.867962e-09),
  ('n02486261', 'patas', 5.8670446e-09),
  ('n04266014', 'space_shuttle', 5.8610943e-09),
  ('n03903868', 'pedestal', 5.8524363e-09),
  ('n01748264', 'Indian_cobra', 5.8266187e-09),
  ('n03325584', 'feather_boa', 5.8069145e-09),
  ('n02113978', 'Mexican_hairless', 5.734677e-09),
  ('n02107142', 'Doberman', 5.6214526e-09),
  ('n09428293', 'seashore', 5.5234066e-09),
  ('n02480495', 'orangutan', 5.486845e-09),
  ('n04311004', 'steel_arch_bridge', 5.481385e-09),
  ('n01608432', 'kite', 5.452397e-09),
  ('n02092002', 'Scottish_deerhound', 5.436706e-09),
  ('n03637318', 'lampshade', 5.429007e-09),
  ('n03710193', 'mailbox', 5.3815614e-09),
  ('n02992211', 'cello', 5.377006e-09),
  ('n02095889', 'Sealyham_terrier', 5.357351e-09),
  ('n03891251', 'park_bench', 5.2829816e-09),
  ('n03250847', 'drumstick', 5.2142477e-09),
  ('n04356056', 'sunglasses', 5.1750613e-09),
  ('n04127249', 'safety_pin', 5.158673e-09),
  ('n03781244', 'monastery', 5.123724e-09),
  ('n02088094', 'Afghan_hound', 5.0996034e-09),
  ('n02417914', 'ibex', 5.01151e-09),
  ('n04204238', 'shopping_basket', 4.96886e-09),
  ('n02011460', 'bittern', 4.9469775e-09),
  ('n01616318', 'vulture', 4.827158e-09),
  ('n02749479', 'assault_rifle', 4.766008e-09),
  ('n03770439', 'miniskirt', 4.745644e-09),
  ('n03710721', 'maillot', 4.690221e-09),
  ('n03627232', 'knot', 4.6468207e-09),
  ('n02006656', 'spoonbill', 4.6262425e-09),
  ('n04501370', 'turnstile', 4.5893476e-09),
  ('n03623198', 'knee_pad', 4.5015e-09),
  ('n04523525', 'vault', 4.46011e-09),
  ('n02097130', 'giant_schnauzer', 4.3299755e-09),
  ('n02787622', 'banjo', 4.312017e-09),
  ('n04133789', 'sandal', 4.2853125e-09),
  ('n02100877', 'Irish_setter', 4.2800763e-09),
  ('n04355338', 'sundial', 4.270503e-09),
  ('n06794110', 'street_sign', 4.1123425e-09),
  ('n02101388', 'Brittany_spaniel', 4.049506e-09),
  ('n02814860', 'beacon', 4.039462e-09),
  ('n03888605', 'parallel_bars', 3.9464374e-09),
  ('n03786901', 'mortar', 3.9410137e-09),
  ('n02782093', 'balloon', 3.872617e-09),
  ('n04229816', 'ski_mask', 3.8667345e-09),
  ('n03837869', 'obelisk', 3.8529526e-09),
  ('n04380533', 'table_lamp', 3.810222e-09),
  ('n04493381', 'tub', 3.785882e-09),
  ('n01694178', 'African_chameleon', 3.760384e-09),
  ('n04239074', 'sliding_door', 3.702508e-09),
  ('n01664065', 'loggerhead', 3.6234304e-09),
  ('n01930112', 'nematode', 3.6183543e-09),
  ('n13040303', 'stinkhorn', 3.5951435e-09),
  ('n03527444', 'holster', 3.517661e-09),
  ('n04486054', 'triumphal_arch', 3.512532e-09),
  ('n07583066', 'guacamole', 3.4796444e-09),
  ('n03633091', 'ladle', 3.4760423e-09),
  ('n02002556', 'white_stork', 3.4494259e-09),
  ('n03494278', 'harmonica', 3.4429448e-09),
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  ('n02108915', 'French_bulldog', 2.7634908e-11),
  ('n07873807', 'pizza', 2.7514938e-11),
  ('n02256656', 'cicada', 2.7293737e-11),
  ('n02120079', 'Arctic_fox', 2.7246767e-11),
  ('n03100240', 'convertible', 2.7216692e-11),
  ('n02930766', 'cab', 2.6895609e-11),
  ('n03841143', 'odometer', 2.6122618e-11),
  ('n02860847', 'bobsled', 2.6030901e-11),
  ('n02096585', 'Boston_bull', 2.5804348e-11),
  ('n03982430', 'pool_table', 2.5729694e-11),
  ('n04487081', 'trolleybus', 2.490903e-11),
  ('n01796340', 'ptarmigan', 2.4398514e-11),
  ('n01735189', 'garter_snake', 2.4079197e-11),
  ('n03388183', 'fountain_pen', 2.2041254e-11),
  ('n03642806', 'laptop', 2.1664096e-11),
  ('n02123597', 'Siamese_cat', 2.1392148e-11),
  ('n03208938', 'disk_brake', 2.1373143e-11),
  ('n02086910', 'papillon', 2.1370981e-11),
  ('n02167151', 'ground_beetle', 2.051299e-11),
  ('n04264628', 'space_bar', 2.0249274e-11),
  ('n04542943', 'waffle_iron', 1.9986053e-11),
  ('n03916031', 'perfume', 1.9739798e-11),
  ('n01774384', 'black_widow', 1.884954e-11),
  ('n07836838', 'chocolate_sauce', 1.7904279e-11),
  ('n03793489', 'mouse', 1.7676695e-11),
  ('n03062245', 'cocktail_shaker', 1.7644929e-11),
  ('n02823428', 'beer_bottle', 1.750805e-11),
  ('n03485407', 'hand-held_computer', 1.7413999e-11),
  ('n03584829', 'iron', 1.6825801e-11),
  ('n03777754', 'modem', 1.6526188e-11),
  ('n02342885', 'hamster', 1.5631468e-11),
  ('n03977966', 'police_van', 1.473041e-11),
  ('n02447366', 'badger', 1.4215548e-11),
  ('n02112350', 'keeshond', 1.3434671e-11),
  ('n01644373', 'tree_frog', 1.2981826e-11),
  ('n03602883', 'joystick', 1.2753725e-11),
  ('n07717410', 'acorn_squash', 1.1627049e-11),
  ('n01773157', 'black_and_gold_garden_spider', 1.0486868e-11),
  ('n04074963', 'remote_control', 9.9966615e-12),
  ('n03676483', 'lipstick', 9.848382e-12),
  ('n04252225', 'snowplow', 9.555944e-12),
  ('n02445715', 'skunk', 8.092101e-12),
  ('n04004767', 'printer', 7.635087e-12),
  ('n02687172', 'aircraft_carrier', 7.623983e-12),
  ('n02085782', 'Japanese_spaniel', 6.395545e-12),
  ('n02988304', 'CD_player', 5.974052e-12),
  ('n03492542', 'hard_disc', 5.6362276e-12),
  ('n03857828', 'oscilloscope', 5.5326663e-12),
  ('n02128757', 'snow_leopard', 4.8289922e-12),
  ('n07613480', 'trifle', 4.0962025e-12),
  ('n02025239', 'ruddy_turnstone', 2.030949e-12),
  ('n02877765', 'bottlecap', 1.8086249e-12)]]

The three best categories are three categories of different elephants, but the best one is indeed the African one.

16.4 Image with multiple content

What happens if multiple objects are in an image like here a dog and a cat or a banana and strawberries?

In [11]:
#image = skimage.io.imread('https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/07/Chien-lit_%26_Chat-en-lit.jpg')
image = skimage.io.imread('https://live.staticflickr.com/3652/3295428010_9284075e7b_b.jpg')
In [12]:
plt.figure(figsize=(10,10))
plt.imshow(image)
plt.show()

We preprocess the image and do the prediction:

In [13]:
model = VGG16(weights='imagenet', include_top=True)
#model = Xception(weights='imagenet', include_top=True)

image_resize = skimage.transform.resize(image,(224,224),preserve_range=True)
x = np.expand_dims(image_resize, axis=0)
x = preprocess_input(x)

features = model.predict(x)

/usr/local/lib/python3.5/dist-packages/skimage/transform/_warps.py:105: UserWarning: The default mode, 'constant', will be changed to 'reflect' in skimage 0.15.
  warn("The default mode, 'constant', will be changed to 'reflect' in "
/usr/local/lib/python3.5/dist-packages/skimage/transform/_warps.py:110: UserWarning: Anti-aliasing will be enabled by default in skimage 0.15 to avoid aliasing artifacts when down-sampling images.
  warn("Anti-aliasing will be enabled by default in skimage 0.15 to "
In [14]:
decode_predictions(features, top=1000)
Out[14]:
[[('n07753592', 'banana', 0.5761249),
  ('n07745940', 'strawberry', 0.19425765),
  ('n07753275', 'pineapple', 0.05217132),
  ('n07614500', 'ice_cream', 0.030278875),
  ('n07749582', 'lemon', 0.015831826),
  ('n07760859', 'custard_apple', 0.012895143),
  ('n07753113', 'fig', 0.011580526),
  ('n07747607', 'orange', 0.009989414),
  ('n04476259', 'tray', 0.009962709),
  ('n07579787', 'plate', 0.0068863747),
  ('n07718472', 'cucumber', 0.006387197),
  ('n04332243', 'strainer', 0.0054645333),
  ('n07768694', 'pomegranate', 0.0054520713),
  ('n07836838', 'chocolate_sauce', 0.003862604),
  ('n07742313', 'Granny_Smith', 0.0028679618),
  ('n04597913', 'wooden_spoon', 0.0027667894),
  ('n03461385', 'grocery_store', 0.0026932321),
  ('n07716358', 'zucchini', 0.0026920456),
  ('n07613480', 'trifle', 0.0022338615),
  ('n07583066', 'guacamole', 0.00217574),
  ('n03089624', 'confectionery', 0.0013857629),
  ('n07932039', 'eggnog', 0.0013704551),
  ('n04204238', 'shopping_basket', 0.0013690287),
  ('n07717556', 'butternut_squash', 0.0013453267),
  ('n07718747', 'artichoke', 0.0012477095),
  ('n07930864', 'cup', 0.0011815256),
  ('n02909870', 'bucket', 0.0010817345),
  ('n03775546', 'mixing_bowl', 0.0010295234),
  ('n03944341', 'pinwheel', 0.0009666784),
  ('n03127925', 'crate', 0.0009592887),
  ('n07714990', 'broccoli', 0.00087834854),
  ('n03729826', 'matchstick', 0.0007504259),
  ('n02776631', 'bakery', 0.00071163604),
  ('n02971356', 'carton', 0.0006731103),
  ('n03482405', 'hamper', 0.00065947045),
  ('n07720875', 'bell_pepper', 0.00064582424),
  ('n03633091', 'ladle', 0.0006443229),
  ('n07892512', 'red_wine', 0.00063594204),
  ('n03445777', 'golf_ball', 0.00061149464),
  ('n03786901', 'mortar', 0.0006095598),
  ('n03908618', 'pencil_box', 0.00054616673),
  ('n03720891', 'maraca', 0.00052341406),
  ('n04399382', 'teddy', 0.0005185749),
  ('n12620546', 'hip', 0.00051782426),
  ('n07715103', 'cauliflower', 0.00050635735),
  ('n07871810', 'meat_loaf', 0.00050255464),
  ('n03047690', 'clog', 0.0004752425),
  ('n07693725', 'bagel', 0.0004202755),
  ('n07716906', 'spaghetti_squash', 0.000415875),
  ('n01945685', 'slug', 0.00041408345),
  ('n01734418', 'king_snake', 0.0004139101),
  ('n04270147', 'spatula', 0.0004090329),
  ('n03950228', 'pitcher', 0.00040275132),
  ('n07717410', 'acorn_squash', 0.00039611929),
  ('n02110341', 'dalmatian', 0.00039234685),
  ('n04263257', 'soup_bowl', 0.00039161675),
  ('n04259630', 'sombrero', 0.00038066693),
  ('n03991062', 'pot', 0.00036915473),
  ('n04133789', 'sandal', 0.00030882948),
  ('n07880968', 'burrito', 0.00030034475),
  ('n04141975', 'scale', 0.00029977187),
  ('n07734744', 'mushroom', 0.0002680286),
  ('n03133878', 'Crock_Pot', 0.00026488805),
  ('n04026417', 'purse', 0.0002394798),
  ('n03041632', 'cleaver', 0.00022614613),
  ('n03063599', 'coffee_mug', 0.00022026774),
  ('n02526121', 'eel', 0.00021577944),
  ('n04317175', 'stethoscope', 0.00021190982),
  ('n02869837', 'bonnet', 0.00020534305),
  ('n03125729', 'cradle', 0.00019756991),
  ('n12144580', 'corn', 0.00019337438),
  ('n04591713', 'wine_bottle', 0.00019080336),
  ('n07714571', 'head_cabbage', 0.00018923331),
  ('n12267677', 'acorn', 0.00018359443),
  ('n01944390', 'snail', 0.00018355627),
  ('n02797295', 'barrow', 0.00017819768),
  ('n04398044', 'teapot', 0.0001722923),
  ('n12768682', 'buckeye', 0.00017072978),
  ('n07615774', 'ice_lolly', 0.00016237529),
  ('n01514668', 'cock', 0.00014993304),
  ('n03887697', 'paper_towel', 0.00013445782),
  ('n03134739', 'croquet_ball', 0.00013335473),
  ('n04423845', 'thimble', 0.0001321641),
  ('n02085620', 'Chihuahua', 0.00013126497),
  ('n03532672', 'hook', 0.00012913393),
  ('n01986214', 'hermit_crab', 0.00012685721),
  ('n07920052', 'espresso', 0.00012499139),
  ('n04442312', 'toaster', 0.00012365519),
  ('n01693334', 'green_lizard', 0.00012309478),
  ('n07711569', 'mashed_potato', 0.00012253305),
  ('n02786058', 'Band_Aid', 0.00012101741),
  ('n04116512', 'rubber_eraser', 0.00011974641),
  ('n03935335', 'piggy_bank', 0.00011951345),
  ('n03871628', 'packet', 0.00011785878),
  ('n03733805', 'measuring_cup', 0.00011539107),
  ('n07754684', 'jackfruit', 0.00011343148),
  ('n01740131', 'night_snake', 0.00011308099),
  ('n01742172', 'boa_constrictor', 0.000107874854),
  ('n07860988', 'dough', 0.00010770483),
  ('n13133613', 'ear', 0.000106777625),
  ('n07684084', 'French_loaf', 0.00010209033),
  ('n03400231', 'frying_pan', 0.000101994185),
  ('n02948072', 'candle', 0.00010143284),
  ('n02091032', 'Italian_greyhound', 0.00010129218),
  ('n03627232', 'knot', 9.950634e-05),
  ('n07697537', 'hotdog', 9.747456e-05),
  ('n02174001', 'rhinoceros_beetle', 9.4692434e-05),
  ('n03014705', 'chest', 9.385559e-05),
  ('n01514859', 'hen', 9.3512506e-05),
  ('n04356056', 'sunglasses', 9.159683e-05),
  ('n03124170', 'cowboy_hat', 9.073299e-05),
  ('n04200800', 'shoe_shop', 8.880587e-05),
  ('n03942813', 'ping-pong_ball', 8.825859e-05),
  ('n07697313', 'cheeseburger', 8.65847e-05),
  ('n04081281', 'restaurant', 8.54177e-05),
  ('n13054560', 'bolete', 8.202711e-05),
  ('n02808440', 'bathtub', 8.18662e-05),
  ('n03775071', 'mitten', 8.131856e-05),
  ('n04553703', 'washbasin', 8.085242e-05),
  ('n04131690', 'saltshaker', 7.9935766e-05),
  ('n01682714', 'American_chameleon', 7.87932e-05),
  ('n02910353', 'buckle', 7.635821e-05),
  ('n04118776', 'rule', 7.6120465e-05),
  ('n02666196', 'abacus', 7.23343e-05),
  ('n03584829', 'iron', 7.215881e-05),
  ('n03063689', 'coffeepot', 7.0141374e-05),
  ('n02843684', 'birdhouse', 7.006182e-05),
  ('n07584110', 'consomme', 6.8237976e-05),
  ('n02342885', 'hamster', 6.7695386e-05),
  ('n01753488', 'horned_viper', 6.736089e-05),
  ('n03291819', 'envelope', 6.719286e-05),
  ('n04204347', 'shopping_cart', 6.63194e-05),
  ('n01692333', 'Gila_monster', 6.554545e-05),
  ('n03188531', 'diaper', 6.47956e-05),
  ('n03109150', 'corkscrew', 6.398369e-05),
  ('n03544143', 'hourglass', 6.303943e-05),
  ('n01943899', 'conch', 6.294649e-05),
  ('n04554684', 'washer', 6.1656225e-05),
  ('n03814906', 'necklace', 6.090897e-05),
  ('n03481172', 'hammer', 6.000116e-05),
  ('n07695742', 'pretzel', 5.8985755e-05),
  ('n03026506', 'Christmas_stocking', 5.7654528e-05),
  ('n04120489', 'running_shoe', 5.6863893e-05),
  ('n07831146', 'carbonara', 5.6298235e-05),
  ('n01667778', 'terrapin', 5.5908833e-05),
  ('n03131574', 'crib', 5.5611254e-05),
  ('n03876231', 'paintbrush', 5.5427263e-05),
  ('n03476684', 'hair_slide', 5.5181063e-05),
  ('n01739381', 'vine_snake', 5.502625e-05),
  ('n02096585', 'Boston_bull', 5.3970176e-05),
  ('n02892767', 'brassiere', 5.3867956e-05),
  ('n02840245', 'binder', 5.3718304e-05),
  ('n03062245', 'cocktail_shaker', 5.350199e-05),
  ('n02177972', 'weevil', 5.2725438e-05),
  ('n04162706', 'seat_belt', 5.1819523e-05),
  ('n04596742', 'wok', 5.1218296e-05),
  ('n07590611', 'hot_pot', 5.1086732e-05),
  ('n01644373', 'tree_frog', 4.985802e-05),
  ('n03065424', 'coil', 4.9609822e-05),
  ('n03676483', 'lipstick', 4.9301838e-05),
  ('n02100236', 'German_short-haired_pointer', 4.843132e-05),
  ('n03840681', 'ocarina', 4.796299e-05),
  ('n13040303', 'stinkhorn', 4.6456476e-05),
  ('n04376876', 'syringe', 4.5252436e-05),
  ('n02965783', 'car_mirror', 4.4657845e-05),
  ('n11939491', 'daisy', 4.428231e-05),
  ('n12998815', 'agaric', 4.3976896e-05),
  ('n02804414', 'bassinet', 4.3952536e-05),
  ('n02799071', 'baseball', 4.3251974e-05),
  ('n13052670', 'hen-of-the-woods', 4.3237662e-05),
  ('n02883205', 'bow_tie', 4.2845495e-05),
  ('n01644900', 'tailed_frog', 4.261245e-05),
  ('n03658185', 'letter_opener', 4.218317e-05),
  ('n04522168', 'vase', 4.0939405e-05),
  ('n04493381', 'tub', 4.04621e-05),
  ('n04355933', 'sunglass', 3.9921426e-05),
  ('n03443371', 'goblet', 3.8971404e-05),
  ('n07565083', 'menu', 3.828917e-05),
  ('n04462240', 'toyshop', 3.8079816e-05),
  ('n03690938', 'lotion', 3.641337e-05),
  ('n04254120', 'soap_dispenser', 3.6373945e-05),
  ('n04209133', 'shower_cap', 3.6261798e-05),
  ('n12057211', "yellow_lady's_slipper", 3.5722187e-05),
  ('n03485794', 'handkerchief', 3.5239005e-05),
  ('n07873807', 'pizza', 3.493371e-05),
  ('n06785654', 'crossword_puzzle', 3.4831344e-05),
  ('n03141823', 'crutch', 3.4771638e-05),
  ('n01748264', 'Indian_cobra', 3.4530472e-05),
  ('n01641577', 'bullfrog', 3.4056942e-05),
  ('n03794056', 'mousetrap', 3.397458e-05),
  ('n03782006', 'monitor', 3.3855067e-05),
  ('n04548362', 'wallet', 3.3497618e-05),
  ('n04254777', 'sock', 3.33212e-05),
  ('n01983481', 'American_lobster', 3.297275e-05),
  ('n03666591', 'lighter', 3.2138825e-05),
  ('n02319095', 'sea_urchin', 3.1543514e-05),
  ('n02927161', 'butcher_shop', 3.1374308e-05),
  ('n02113978', 'Mexican_hairless', 3.1249816e-05),
  ('n01729322', 'hognose_snake', 3.1181968e-05),
  ('n01818515', 'macaw', 3.06403e-05),
  ('n03127747', 'crash_helmet', 3.03109e-05),
  ('n03637318', 'lampshade', 2.9371524e-05),
  ('n02992529', 'cellular_telephone', 2.9276049e-05),
  ('n02165456', 'ladybug', 2.9242981e-05),
  ('n01833805', 'hummingbird', 2.8988887e-05),
  ('n04070727', 'refrigerator', 2.8835033e-05),
  ('n01632777', 'axolotl', 2.8370774e-05),
  ('n03938244', 'pillow', 2.8075028e-05),
  ('n02877765', 'bottlecap', 2.8017765e-05),
  ('n02999410', 'chain', 2.7896956e-05),
  ('n04179913', 'sewing_machine', 2.727592e-05),
  ('n07248320', 'book_jacket', 2.708506e-05),
  ('n02317335', 'starfish', 2.692179e-05),
  ('n04560804', 'water_jug', 2.667041e-05),
  ('n01985128', 'crayfish', 2.6247586e-05),
  ('n01675722', 'banded_gecko', 2.6211816e-05),
  ('n03958227', 'plastic_bag', 2.6203143e-05),
  ('n04033995', 'quilt', 2.6013191e-05),
  ('n01820546', 'lorikeet', 2.5654212e-05),
  ('n01829413', 'hornbill', 2.4800902e-05),
  ('n04277352', 'spindle', 2.4788393e-05),
  ('n01729977', 'green_snake', 2.4691233e-05),
  ('n02091134', 'whippet', 2.460459e-05),
  ('n04409515', 'tennis_ball', 2.4333598e-05),
  ('n03259280', 'Dutch_oven', 2.3777688e-05),
  ('n03877472', 'pajama', 2.3559978e-05),
  ('n04127249', 'safety_pin', 2.3512617e-05),
  ('n02108915', 'French_bulldog', 2.3418314e-05),
  ('n02823750', 'beer_glass', 2.3075021e-05),
  ('n03825788', 'nipple', 2.2788907e-05),
  ('n03793489', 'mouse', 2.2502109e-05),
  ('n03314780', 'face_powder', 2.2230006e-05),
  ('n01694178', 'African_chameleon', 2.2008999e-05),
  ('n03530642', 'honeycomb', 2.2002765e-05),
  ('n03970156', 'plunger', 2.1918864e-05),
  ('n04525038', 'velvet', 2.180428e-05),
  ('n03223299', 'doormat', 2.175412e-05),
  ('n02124075', 'Egyptian_cat', 2.1604475e-05),
  ('n01984695', 'spiny_lobster', 2.0945907e-05),
  ('n02169497', 'leaf_beetle', 2.076357e-05),
  ('n01978455', 'rock_crab', 2.0757352e-05),
  ('n01669191', 'box_turtle', 2.0698582e-05),
  ('n04344873', 'studio_couch', 2.0674355e-05),
  ('n01677366', 'common_iguana', 2.0488678e-05),
  ('n03709823', 'mailbag', 2.0475705e-05),
  ('n03929660', 'pick', 2.0240863e-05),
  ('n03642806', 'laptop', 2.0135685e-05),
  ('n03584254', 'iPod', 1.992797e-05),
  ('n04146614', 'school_bus', 1.9779227e-05),
  ('n04507155', 'umbrella', 1.9748202e-05),
  ('n04380533', 'table_lamp', 1.9697793e-05),
  ('n03207941', 'dishwasher', 1.9588635e-05),
  ('n03617480', 'kimono', 1.9556492e-05),
  ('n03832673', 'notebook', 1.910795e-05),
  ('n03250847', 'drumstick', 1.9024581e-05),
  ('n02823428', 'beer_bottle', 1.8961384e-05),
  ('n01685808', 'whiptail', 1.8879735e-05),
  ('n04099969', 'rocking_chair', 1.8633707e-05),
  ('n03961711', 'plate_rack', 1.8090077e-05),
  ('n02951585', 'can_opener', 1.7763494e-05),
  ('n03761084', 'microwave', 1.7602515e-05),
  ('n04447861', 'toilet_seat', 1.755055e-05),
  ('n02747177', 'ashcan', 1.7231721e-05),
  ('n01847000', 'drake', 1.7133418e-05),
  ('n04591157', 'Windsor_tie', 1.7025443e-05),
  ('n03916031', 'perfume', 1.6821812e-05),
  ('n03983396', 'pop_bottle', 1.6666281e-05),
  ('n03759954', 'microphone', 1.647004e-05),
  ('n02279972', 'monarch', 1.621669e-05),
  ('n03724870', 'mask', 1.6000666e-05),
  ('n02092339', 'Weimaraner', 1.5948382e-05),
  ('n02113624', 'toy_poodle', 1.5889327e-05),
  ('n01560419', 'bulbul', 1.5623365e-05),
  ('n02730930', 'apron', 1.5524774e-05),
  ('n04557648', 'water_bottle', 1.551045e-05),
  ('n02607072', 'anemone_fish', 1.5461033e-05),
  ('n03297495', 'espresso_maker', 1.5182074e-05),
  ('n04542943', 'waffle_iron', 1.4967452e-05),
  ('n02109047', 'Great_Dane', 1.471483e-05),
  ('n04325704', 'stole', 1.4612102e-05),
  ('n04154565', 'screwdriver', 1.4305257e-05),
  ('n02268443', 'dragonfly', 1.4206283e-05),
  ('n03187595', 'dial_telephone', 1.4161779e-05),
  ('n04152593', 'screen', 1.41334995e-05),
  ('n03337140', 'file', 1.3361717e-05),
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  ('n01755581', 'diamondback', 8.331277e-06),
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  ('n03085013', 'computer_keyboard', 7.773028e-06),
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  ('n03388183', 'fountain_pen', 7.500656e-06),
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  ('n02974003', 'car_wheel', 7.3557135e-06),
  ('n01807496', 'partridge', 7.3441624e-06),
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  ('n01443537', 'goldfish', 7.306369e-06),
  ('n03000134', 'chainlink_fence', 7.2608987e-06),
  ('n01968897', 'chambered_nautilus', 7.1223753e-06),
  ('n03016953', 'chiffonier', 7.1140935e-06),
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  ('n09229709', 'bubble', 6.9013345e-06),
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  ('n02643566', 'lionfish', 6.834175e-06),
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  ('n04584207', 'wig', 6.4194883e-06),
  ('n03976467', 'Polaroid_camera', 6.387647e-06),
  ('n03255030', 'dumbbell', 6.3651355e-06),
  ('n03249569', 'drum', 6.300604e-06),
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  ('n04482393', 'tricycle', 6.172326e-06),
  ('n01728920', 'ringneck_snake', 6.133615e-06),
  ('n10148035', 'groom', 6.116675e-06),
  ('n02871525', 'bookshop', 6.090737e-06),
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  ('n02229544', 'cricket', 5.891922e-06),
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  ('n01630670', 'common_newt', 5.866814e-06),
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  ('n01981276', 'king_crab', 5.8168625e-06),
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  ('n03924679', 'photocopier', 5.7983966e-06),
  ('n02087046', 'toy_terrier', 5.731078e-06),
  ('n02088238', 'basset', 5.730149e-06),
  ('n01629819', 'European_fire_salamander', 5.6096637e-06),
  ('n01797886', 'ruffed_grouse', 5.5845708e-06),
  ('n02097658', 'silky_terrier', 5.525091e-06),
  ('n02128757', 'snow_leopard', 5.5077617e-06),
  ('n03692522', 'loupe', 5.468899e-06),
  ('n03657121', 'lens_cap', 5.463144e-06),
  ('n02093859', 'Kerry_blue_terrier', 5.4529887e-06),
  ('n02112018', 'Pomeranian', 5.4500983e-06),
  ('n04326547', 'stone_wall', 5.4020616e-06),
  ('n02769748', 'backpack', 5.382823e-06),
  ('n03710637', 'maillot', 5.3740314e-06),
  ('n03770679', 'minivan', 5.348676e-06),
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  ('n04265275', 'space_heater', 5.306025e-06),
  ('n04443257', 'tobacco_shop', 5.276631e-06),
  ('n01843383', 'toucan', 5.271848e-06),
  ('n01667114', 'mud_turtle', 5.2616265e-06),
  ('n02264363', 'lacewing', 5.25406e-06),
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  ('n01749939', 'green_mamba', 5.1171596e-06),
  ('n01980166', 'fiddler_crab', 5.109012e-06),
  ('n02870880', 'bookcase', 5.0958392e-06),
  ('n03201208', 'dining_table', 5.035813e-06),
  ('n02807133', 'bathing_cap', 4.960464e-06),
  ('n02226429', 'grasshopper', 4.959234e-06),
  ('n03670208', 'limousine', 4.9085443e-06),
  ('n07730033', 'cardoon', 4.8714187e-06),
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  ('n03196217', 'digital_clock', 4.718961e-06),
  ('n04118538', 'rugby_ball', 4.694359e-06),
  ('n03770439', 'miniskirt', 4.688181e-06),
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  ('n03804744', 'nail', 4.670665e-06),
  ('n02105162', 'malinois', 4.6660743e-06),
  ('n03920288', 'Petri_dish', 4.652744e-06),
  ('n02094433', 'Yorkshire_terrier', 4.587578e-06),
  ('n02233338', 'cockroach', 4.576837e-06),
  ('n03857828', 'oscilloscope', 4.5262555e-06),
  ('n01631663', 'eft', 4.4442545e-06),
  ('n02814533', 'beach_wagon', 4.4343137e-06),
  ('n02093428', 'American_Staffordshire_terrier', 4.4262356e-06),
  ('n02096177', 'cairn', 4.3366113e-06),
  ('n02190166', 'fly', 4.331614e-06),
  ('n02108089', 'boxer', 4.3213977e-06),
  ('n01665541', 'leatherback_turtle', 4.269602e-06),
  ('n02708093', 'analog_clock', 4.215636e-06),
  ('n01924916', 'flatworm', 4.21126e-06),
  ('n04336792', 'stretcher', 4.1996295e-06),
  ('n02795169', 'barrel', 4.1438047e-06),
  ('n01872401', 'echidna', 4.11055e-06),
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  ('n03494278', 'harmonica', 3.9285433e-06),
  ('n01558993', 'robin', 3.9153365e-06),
  ('n01496331', 'electric_ray', 3.902561e-06),
  ('n04370456', 'sweatshirt', 3.891152e-06),
  ('n02939185', 'caldron', 3.8511844e-06),
  ('n03598930', 'jigsaw_puzzle', 3.847561e-06),
  ('n03803284', 'muzzle', 3.81553e-06),
  ('n01773797', 'garden_spider', 3.7809266e-06),
  ('n02099849', 'Chesapeake_Bay_retriever', 3.7631094e-06),
  ('n02100583', 'vizsla', 3.7561501e-06),
  ('n01914609', 'sea_anemone', 3.7149784e-06),
  ('n04111531', 'rotisserie', 3.7011162e-06),
  ('n01775062', 'wolf_spider', 3.6985405e-06),
  ('n02978881', 'cassette', 3.6984134e-06),
  ('n02099267', 'flat-coated_retriever', 3.6919507e-06),
  ('n02206856', 'bee', 3.6490565e-06),
  ('n03930630', 'pickup', 3.642888e-06),
  ('n01687978', 'agama', 3.6279662e-06),
  ('n01704323', 'triceratops', 3.5954888e-06),
  ('n03661043', 'library', 3.5909245e-06),
  ('n02783161', 'ballpoint', 3.589185e-06),
  ('n02276258', 'admiral', 3.5882645e-06),
  ('n03100240', 'convertible', 3.5826092e-06),
  ('n02007558', 'flamingo', 3.5033345e-06),
  ('n03742115', 'medicine_chest', 3.5016844e-06),
  ('n03017168', 'chime', 3.49185e-06),
  ('n03874599', 'padlock', 3.4659324e-06),
  ('n02086240', 'Shih-Tzu', 3.4588559e-06),
  ('n02102973', 'Irish_water_spaniel', 3.4208517e-06),
  ('n02093256', 'Staffordshire_bullterrier', 3.4153231e-06),
  ('n12985857', 'coral_fungus', 3.3790345e-06),
  ('n04286575', 'spotlight', 3.367386e-06),
  ('n02782093', 'balloon', 3.3520898e-06),
  ('n02105412', 'kelpie', 3.3511883e-06),
  ('n02699494', 'altar', 3.350543e-06),
  ('n02865351', 'bolo_tie', 3.3185136e-06),
  ('n03908714', 'pencil_sharpener', 3.3120575e-06),
  ('n01798484', 'prairie_chicken', 3.2731618e-06),
  ('n03347037', 'fire_screen', 3.2724874e-06),
  ('n04330267', 'stove', 3.1586999e-06),
  ('n03345487', 'fire_engine', 3.1171844e-06),
  ('n02107312', 'miniature_pinscher', 3.1131144e-06),
  ('n04548280', 'wall_clock', 3.1111288e-06),
  ('n01698640', 'American_alligator', 3.1070163e-06),
  ('n04392985', 'tape_player', 3.0476622e-06),
  ('n04501370', 'turnstile', 3.0471042e-06),
  ('n03325584', 'feather_boa', 3.0436454e-06),
  ('n02443484', 'black-footed_ferret', 3.02106e-06),
  ('n03018349', 'china_cabinet', 3.0195304e-06),
  ('n02231487', 'walking_stick', 3.017691e-06),
  ('n03788195', 'mosque', 2.990497e-06),
  ('n03956157', 'planetarium', 2.9676098e-06),
  ('n04487394', 'trombone', 2.9446476e-06),
  ('n02100735', 'English_setter', 2.940814e-06),
  ('n03208938', 'disk_brake', 2.9223843e-06),
  ('n04523525', 'vault', 2.905106e-06),
  ('n03388043', 'fountain', 2.8869963e-06),
  ('n03630383', 'lab_coat', 2.8862391e-06),
  ('n03467068', 'guillotine', 2.8690242e-06),
  ('n02012849', 'crane', 2.851493e-06),
  ('n03868242', 'oxcart', 2.847186e-06),
  ('n02123597', 'Siamese_cat', 2.7862618e-06),
  ('n04485082', 'tripod', 2.765188e-06),
  ('n02017213', 'European_gallinule', 2.7576773e-06),
  ('n04235860', 'sleeping_bag', 2.7554374e-06),
  ('n04033901', 'quill', 2.7396218e-06),
  ('n01531178', 'goldfinch', 2.7134402e-06),
  ('n03372029', 'flute', 2.7001022e-06),
  ('n02108422', 'bull_mastiff', 2.6929636e-06),
  ('n04525305', 'vending_machine', 2.6875987e-06),
  ('n02106166', 'Border_collie', 2.6691516e-06),
  ('n03457902', 'greenhouse', 2.6031892e-06),
  ('n03954731', 'plane', 2.5869786e-06),
  ('n03691459', 'loudspeaker', 2.5823101e-06),
  ('n06359193', 'web_site', 2.5636273e-06),
  ('n02655020', 'puffer', 2.5551965e-06),
  ('n03733131', 'maypole', 2.5483168e-06),
  ('n02086910', 'papillon', 2.5419238e-06),
  ('n03902125', 'pay-phone', 2.540765e-06),
  ('n02988304', 'CD_player', 2.5121583e-06),
  ('n02089973', 'English_foxhound', 2.507663e-06),
  ('n04243546', 'slot', 2.5069914e-06),
  ('n02364673', 'guinea_pig', 2.506623e-06),
  ('n04136333', 'sarong', 2.4487276e-06),
  ('n02256656', 'cicada', 2.4308024e-06),
  ('n01774384', 'black_widow', 2.3822026e-06),
  ('n04228054', 'ski', 2.372456e-06),
  ('n03478589', 'half_track', 2.370493e-06),
  ('n04238763', 'slide_rule', 2.3525413e-06),
  ('n02802426', 'basketball', 2.322042e-06),
  ('n02087394', 'Rhodesian_ridgeback', 2.3190323e-06),
  ('n01530575', 'brambling', 2.3113266e-06),
  ('n03180011', 'desktop_computer', 2.3106898e-06),
  ('n01917289', 'brain_coral', 2.3027767e-06),
  ('n02101388', 'Brittany_spaniel', 2.3026605e-06),
  ('n03075370', 'combination_lock', 2.2782594e-06),
  ('n04019541', 'puck', 2.2632498e-06),
  ('n03000247', 'chain_mail', 2.258614e-06),
  ('n03045698', 'cloak', 2.2330562e-06),
  ('n01773549', 'barn_spider', 2.2261713e-06),
  ('n04209239', 'shower_curtain', 2.2209058e-06),
  ('n02091244', 'Ibizan_hound', 2.2070192e-06),
  ('n02790996', 'barbell', 2.2044426e-06),
  ('n04456115', 'torch', 2.195377e-06),
  ('n02096051', 'Airedale', 2.1852522e-06),
  ('n03992509', "potter's_wheel", 2.1717171e-06),
  ('n04069434', 'reflex_camera', 2.1716528e-06),
  ('n04239074', 'sliding_door', 2.1619119e-06),
  ('n02107142', 'Doberman', 2.155415e-06),
  ('n03843555', 'oil_filter', 2.1446867e-06),
  ('n02280649', 'cabbage_butterfly', 2.142344e-06),
  ('n03891332', 'parking_meter', 2.140792e-06),
  ('n01582220', 'magpie', 2.1364049e-06),
  ('n04254680', 'soccer_ball', 2.0744737e-06),
  ('n06874185', 'traffic_light', 2.0283055e-06),
  ('n02980441', 'castle', 2.0240757e-06),
  ('n02493509', 'titi', 2.0228542e-06),
  ('n03452741', 'grand_piano', 2.0197583e-06),
  ('n02088364', 'beagle', 2.0016241e-06),
  ('n01688243', 'frilled_lizard', 1.9978786e-06),
  ('n02667093', 'abaya', 1.9772426e-06),
  ('n04418357', 'theater_curtain', 1.9712384e-06),
  ('n03028079', 'church', 1.9464046e-06),
  ('n02395406', 'hog', 1.915768e-06),
  ('n03450230', 'gown', 1.915516e-06),
  ('n03763968', 'military_uniform', 1.9136862e-06),
  ('n02443114', 'polecat', 1.9104223e-06),
  ('n02346627', 'porcupine', 1.9027002e-06),
  ('n02398521', 'hippopotamus', 1.895192e-06),
  ('n03394916', 'French_horn', 1.8923637e-06),
  ('n03424325', 'gasmask', 1.8913316e-06),
  ('n02085936', 'Maltese_dog', 1.8847128e-06),
  ('n02325366', 'wood_rabbit', 1.8773578e-06),
  ('n02113186', 'Cardigan', 1.865324e-06),
  ('n01751748', 'sea_snake', 1.8608749e-06),
  ('n04579145', 'whiskey_jug', 1.8518989e-06),
  ('n03538406', 'horse_cart', 1.8445138e-06),
  ('n02172182', 'dung_beetle', 1.8375663e-06),
  ('n04285008', 'sports_car', 1.83689e-06),
  ('n01773157', 'black_and_gold_garden_spider', 1.8362086e-06),
  ('n02098286', 'West_Highland_white_terrier', 1.8328094e-06),
  ('n02777292', 'balance_beam', 1.8075908e-06),
  ('n03271574', 'electric_fan', 1.8037026e-06),
  ('n03220513', 'dome', 1.8005541e-06),
  ('n04517823', 'vacuum', 1.7981002e-06),
  ('n03476991', 'hair_spray', 1.7901526e-06),
  ('n01697457', 'African_crocodile', 1.7789678e-06),
  ('n13037406', 'gyromitra', 1.7642907e-06),
  ('n02102480', 'Sussex_spaniel', 1.7612377e-06),
  ('n02006656', 'spoonbill', 1.759121e-06),
  ('n02025239', 'ruddy_turnstone', 1.7563266e-06),
  ('n02127052', 'lynx', 1.7455764e-06),
  ('n01737021', 'water_snake', 1.7395322e-06),
  ('n03599486', 'jinrikisha', 1.7336728e-06),
  ('n04311004', 'steel_arch_bridge', 1.7313332e-06),
  ('n03977966', 'police_van', 1.7308726e-06),
  ('n03272010', 'electric_guitar', 1.7078416e-06),
  ('n02815834', 'beaker', 1.6984762e-06),
  ('n02099429', 'curly-coated_retriever', 1.6921481e-06),
  ('n04153751', 'screw', 1.6901176e-06),
  ('n01819313', 'sulphur-crested_cockatoo', 1.6662443e-06),
  ('n09256479', 'coral_reef', 1.6641449e-06),
  ('n03649909', 'lawn_mower', 1.6448307e-06),
  ('n02088466', 'bloodhound', 1.6363116e-06),
  ('n09332890', 'lakeside', 1.6059654e-06),
  ('n02791270', 'barbershop', 1.6009419e-06),
  ('n02966687', "carpenter's_kit", 1.5872705e-06),
  ('n04536866', 'violin', 1.5811818e-06),
  ('n04125021', 'safe', 1.5696611e-06),
  ('n01774750', 'tarantula', 1.565026e-06),
  ('n03197337', 'digital_watch', 1.5630034e-06),
  ('n02115641', 'dingo', 1.562516e-06),
  ('n04479046', 'trench_coat', 1.5517869e-06),
  ('n04429376', 'throne', 1.5482052e-06),
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  ('n03899768', 'patio', 1.5331962e-06),
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  ('n02676566', 'acoustic_guitar', 1.5241429e-06),
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  ('n04023962', 'punching_bag', 1.5147906e-06),
  ('n03877845', 'palace', 1.5120713e-06),
  ('n06794110', 'street_sign', 1.5066605e-06),
  ('n03445924', 'golfcart', 1.4947432e-06),
  ('n03874293', 'paddlewheel', 1.4924485e-06),
  ('n02107683', 'Bernese_mountain_dog', 1.4920855e-06),
  ('n02906734', 'broom', 1.4900861e-06),
  ('n03733281', 'maze', 1.4885509e-06),
  ('n04311174', 'steel_drum', 1.483913e-06),
  ('n02442845', 'mink', 1.4807846e-06),
  ('n03485407', 'hand-held_computer', 1.4798331e-06),
  ('n02099601', 'golden_retriever', 1.469917e-06),
  ('n03792782', 'mountain_bike', 1.4630418e-06),
  ('n01768244', 'trilobite', 1.4596816e-06),
  ('n04461696', 'tow_truck', 1.4594646e-06),
  ('n03492542', 'hard_disc', 1.4579955e-06),
  ('n03792972', 'mountain_tent', 1.4549189e-06),
  ('n02097047', 'miniature_schnauzer', 1.4527186e-06),
  ('n02606052', 'rock_beauty', 1.4375174e-06),
  ('n02979186', 'cassette_player', 1.4285522e-06),
  ('n02095570', 'Lakeland_terrier', 1.4100092e-06),
  ('n02536864', 'coho', 1.4030353e-06),
  ('n02704792', 'amphibian', 1.3934185e-06),
  ('n03032252', 'cinema', 1.3931741e-06),
  ('n01860187', 'black_swan', 1.3791208e-06),
  ('n02013706', 'limpkin', 1.3761227e-06),
  ('n03787032', 'mortarboard', 1.3741857e-06),
  ('n02086646', 'Blenheim_spaniel', 1.3711185e-06),
  ('n01806143', 'peacock', 1.3607364e-06),
  ('n03769881', 'minibus', 1.3400056e-06),
  ('n01955084', 'chiton', 1.2847538e-06),
  ('n03444034', 'go-kart', 1.2842969e-06),
  ('n03388549', 'four-poster', 1.2815441e-06),
  ('n02494079', 'squirrel_monkey', 1.2756436e-06),
  ('n02028035', 'redshank', 1.2714837e-06),
  ('n02093754', 'Border_terrier', 1.2521436e-06),
  ('n02817516', 'bearskin', 1.247456e-06),
  ('n03425413', 'gas_pump', 1.2274648e-06),
  ('n01796340', 'ptarmigan', 1.2228089e-06),
  ('n02107908', 'Appenzeller', 1.2216934e-06),
  ('n01664065', 'loggerhead', 1.2209538e-06),
  ('n03903868', 'pedestal', 1.2150878e-06),
  ('n04009552', 'projector', 1.2064934e-06),
  ('n02091831', 'Saluki', 1.1998567e-06),
  ('n02268853', 'damselfly', 1.1865894e-06),
  ('n02095314', 'wire-haired_fox_terrier', 1.1767255e-06),
  ('n02093991', 'Irish_terrier', 1.1684349e-06),
  ('n02841315', 'binoculars', 1.1662651e-06),
  ('n04486054', 'triumphal_arch', 1.1644602e-06),
  ('n04328186', 'stopwatch', 1.1585473e-06),
  ('n03785016', 'moped', 1.1582271e-06),
  ('n04090263', 'rifle', 1.1539547e-06),
  ('n02091467', 'Norwegian_elkhound', 1.1463349e-06),
  ('n02277742', 'ringlet', 1.1367297e-06),
  ('n02089867', 'Walker_hound', 1.135789e-06),
  ('n02011460', 'bittern', 1.1232958e-06),
  ('n02113023', 'Pembroke', 1.1125555e-06),
  ('n03376595', 'folding_chair', 1.1093706e-06),
  ('n02492035', 'capuchin', 1.1085943e-06),
  ('n02098413', 'Lhasa', 1.0907672e-06),
  ('n02835271', 'bicycle-built-for-two', 1.090265e-06),
  ('n09421951', 'sandbar', 1.0827908e-06),
  ('n03527444', 'holster', 1.0799837e-06),
  ('n02950826', 'cannon', 1.0785376e-06),
  ('n04004767', 'printer', 1.0565255e-06),
  ('n03998194', 'prayer_rug', 1.050286e-06),
  ('n04275548', 'spider_web', 1.0488016e-06),
  ('n03706229', 'magnetic_compass', 1.0387251e-06),
  ('n03773504', 'missile', 1.0371938e-06),
  ('n02108000', 'EntleBucher', 1.0335739e-06),
  ('n03710721', 'maillot', 1.0236545e-06),
  ('n02104029', 'kuvasz', 1.0169425e-06),
  ('n04229816', 'ski_mask', 1.0164364e-06),
  ('n02105251', 'briard', 1.0141175e-06),
  ('n04350905', 'suit', 9.888396e-07),
  ('n03868863', 'oxygen_mask', 9.820187e-07),
  ('n03534580', 'hoopskirt', 9.4845166e-07),
  ('n02641379', 'gar', 9.404275e-07),
  ('n02097130', 'giant_schnauzer', 9.3083463e-07),
  ('n02106030', 'collie', 9.2053074e-07),
  ('n04147183', 'schooner', 9.199295e-07),
  ('n02089078', 'black-and-tan_coonhound', 9.1739673e-07),
  ('n01580077', 'jay', 9.1670756e-07),
  ('n02102177', 'Welsh_springer_spaniel', 9.1417485e-07),
  ('n02894605', 'breakwater', 9.024583e-07),
  ('n04371430', 'swimming_trunks', 9.0240576e-07),
  ('n03110669', 'cornet', 8.965521e-07),
  ('n04065272', 'recreational_vehicle', 8.912888e-07),
  ('n04389033', 'tank', 8.777903e-07),
  ('n04149813', 'scoreboard', 8.764177e-07),
  ('n04067472', 'reel', 8.73224e-07),
  ('n03976657', 'pole', 8.6671776e-07),
  ('n03777754', 'modem', 8.662244e-07),
  ('n02123394', 'Persian_cat', 8.5186014e-07),
  ('n02963159', 'cardigan', 8.512949e-07),
  ('n03967562', 'plow', 8.405926e-07),
  ('n01498041', 'stingray', 8.403682e-07),
  ('n03697007', 'lumbermill', 8.3694823e-07),
  ('n02117135', 'hyena', 8.2271305e-07),
  ('n09428293', 'seashore', 8.213928e-07),
  ('n02167151', 'ground_beetle', 8.1477845e-07),
  ('n01440764', 'tench', 8.118814e-07),
  ('n04515003', 'upright', 8.062627e-07),
  ('n01616318', 'vulture', 8.037983e-07),
  ('n02107574', 'Greater_Swiss_Mountain_dog', 8.0182144e-07),
  ('n04141327', 'scabbard', 7.990299e-07),
  ('n03000684', 'chain_saw', 7.901752e-07),
  ('n01770393', 'scorpion', 7.7805305e-07),
  ('n02116738', 'African_hunting_dog', 7.7665266e-07),
  ('n02111500', 'Great_Pyrenees', 7.744589e-07),
  ('n03417042', 'garbage_truck', 7.5762034e-07),
  ('n02096294', 'Australian_terrier', 7.535368e-07),
  ('n04273569', 'speedboat', 7.5332196e-07),
  ('n02447366', 'badger', 7.416973e-07),
  ('n02056570', 'king_penguin', 7.331464e-07),
  ('n03496892', 'harvester', 7.288903e-07),
  ('n03529860', 'home_theater', 7.2721906e-07),
  ('n02109961', 'Eskimo_dog', 7.156668e-07),
  ('n02037110', 'oystercatcher', 7.1321733e-07),
  ('n02101556', 'clumber', 7.075111e-07),
  ('n03290653', 'entertainment_center', 7.067006e-07),
  ('n02111277', 'Newfoundland', 6.8580874e-07),
  ('n02101006', 'Gordon_setter', 6.842891e-07),
  ('n02110063', 'malamute', 6.8025497e-07),
  ('n02098105', 'soft-coated_wheaten_terrier', 6.7732446e-07),
  ('n04251144', 'snorkel', 6.771785e-07),
  ('n01882714', 'koala', 6.7602735e-07),
  ('n04264628', 'space_bar', 6.7096164e-07),
  ('n02137549', 'mongoose', 6.6530157e-07),
  ('n04532106', 'vestment', 6.6352993e-07),
  ('n02106382', 'Bouvier_des_Flandres', 6.5908495e-07),
  ('n02110627', 'affenpinscher', 6.5748844e-07),
  ('n02992211', 'cello', 6.561405e-07),
  ('n01695060', 'Komodo_dragon', 6.3896306e-07),
  ('n02093647', 'Bedlington_terrier', 6.3744267e-07),
  ('n02106662', 'German_shepherd', 6.311312e-07),
  ('n04037443', 'racer', 6.3057587e-07),
  ('n04372370', 'switch', 6.2346896e-07),
  ('n02787622', 'banjo', 6.2028425e-07),
  ('n02457408', 'three-toed_sloth', 6.1489686e-07),
  ('n03854065', 'organ', 6.1306764e-07),
  ('n04346328', 'stupa', 6.0340176e-07),
  ('n03841143', 'odometer', 5.954864e-07),
  ('n09193705', 'alp', 5.9262885e-07),
  ('n04049303', 'rain_barrel', 5.896747e-07),
  ('n03594945', 'jeep', 5.891834e-07),
  ('n02071294', 'killer_whale', 5.883866e-07),
  ('n02391049', 'zebra', 5.779105e-07),
  ('n02109525', 'Saint_Bernard', 5.7271797e-07),
  ('n02510455', 'giant_panda', 5.7128875e-07),
  ('n10565667', 'scuba_diver', 5.659538e-07),
  ('n07802026', 'hay', 5.6374955e-07),
  ('n04505470', 'typewriter_keyboard', 5.610956e-07),
  ('n03837869', 'obelisk', 5.5923283e-07),
  ('n02066245', 'grey_whale', 5.5740065e-07),
  ('n02106550', 'Rottweiler', 5.4826774e-07),
  ('n02727426', 'apiary', 5.4745425e-07),
  ('n02092002', 'Scottish_deerhound', 5.4546246e-07),
  ('n01491361', 'tiger_shark', 5.4394457e-07),
  ('n04008634', 'projectile', 5.3896264e-07),
  ('n02097209', 'standard_schnauzer', 5.251147e-07),
  ('n01776313', 'tick', 5.2128365e-07),
  ('n03796401', 'moving_van', 5.2064274e-07),
  ('n03866082', 'overskirt', 5.199501e-07),
  ('n02444819', 'otter', 5.1959864e-07),
  ('n02085782', 'Japanese_spaniel', 5.1606713e-07),
  ('n02860847', 'bobsled', 5.089081e-07),
  ('n02105855', 'Shetland_sheepdog', 5.0838906e-07),
  ('n01518878', 'ostrich', 5.053611e-07),
  ('n02804610', 'bassoon', 5.0120747e-07),
  ('n02445715', 'skunk', 5.008539e-07),
  ('n03947888', 'pirate', 4.992696e-07),
  ('n02096437', 'Dandie_Dinmont', 4.983924e-07),
  ('n04465501', 'tractor', 4.978979e-07),
  ('n01883070', 'wombat', 4.9747024e-07),
  ('n02977058', 'cash_machine', 4.9674014e-07),
  ('n02509815', 'lesser_panda', 4.94355e-07),
  ('n04532670', 'viaduct', 4.9202725e-07),
  ('n02825657', 'bell_cote', 4.8976796e-07),
  ('n01990800', 'isopod', 4.800504e-07),
  ('n02487347', 'macaque', 4.7473918e-07),
  ('n04428191', 'thresher', 4.721318e-07),
  ('n01877812', 'wallaby', 4.6791246e-07),
  ('n04141076', 'sax', 4.657443e-07),
  ('n04467665', 'trailer_truck', 4.6352787e-07),
  ('n02514041', 'barracouta', 4.630282e-07),
  ('n11879895', 'rapeseed', 4.6236454e-07),
  ('n02077923', 'sea_lion', 4.619903e-07),
  ('n03344393', 'fireboat', 4.6121113e-07),
  ('n03717622', 'manhole_cover', 4.5486513e-07),
  ('n03929855', 'pickelhaube', 4.5192144e-07),
  ('n03535780', 'horizontal_bar', 4.512952e-07),
  ('n03933933', 'pier', 4.4521045e-07),
  ('n03095699', 'container_ship', 4.3805989e-07),
  ('n02097474', 'Tibetan_terrier', 4.3508385e-07),
  ('n03384352', 'forklift', 4.3478974e-07),
  ('n02110185', 'Siberian_husky', 4.304236e-07),
  ('n02504013', 'Indian_elephant', 4.2824905e-07),
  ('n09835506', 'ballplayer', 4.2698687e-07),
  ('n03777568', 'Model_T', 4.2667588e-07),
  ('n03595614', 'jersey', 4.2497595e-07),
  ('n03404251', 'fur_coat', 4.2094874e-07),
  ('n02892201', 'brass', 4.1852059e-07),
  ('n03788365', 'mosquito_net', 4.181743e-07),
  ('n01855672', 'goose', 4.1223407e-07),
  ('n04366367', 'suspension_bridge', 4.0636e-07),
  ('n02129604', 'tiger', 4.0536872e-07),
  ('n02105641', 'Old_English_sheepdog', 4.033761e-07),
  ('n04483307', 'trimaran', 4.0085624e-07),
  ('n02112706', 'Brabancon_griffon', 3.9984067e-07),
  ('n01843065', 'jacamar', 3.9543497e-07),
  ('n03623198', 'knee_pad', 3.9525472e-07),
  ('n01784675', 'centipede', 3.8657137e-07),
  ('n02051845', 'pelican', 3.8632922e-07),
  ('n04296562', 'stage', 3.8322082e-07),
  ('n03895866', 'passenger_car', 3.811175e-07),
  ('n02403003', 'ox', 3.80954e-07),
  ('n02165105', 'tiger_beetle', 3.6443112e-07),
  ('n02497673', 'Madagascar_cat', 3.6254738e-07),
  ('n03216828', 'dock', 3.600785e-07),
  ('n01855032', 'red-breasted_merganser', 3.5803427e-07),
  ('n02326432', 'hare', 3.5595477e-07),
  ('n02002724', 'black_stork', 3.5519483e-07),
  ('n04458633', 'totem_pole', 3.5485527e-07),
  ('n04606251', 'wreck', 3.5295508e-07),
  ('n01930112', 'nematode', 3.5103457e-07),
  ('n02138441', 'meerkat', 3.492058e-07),
  ('n01537544', 'indigo_bunting', 3.490563e-07),
  ('n04562935', 'water_tower', 3.4862816e-07),
  ('n03980874', 'poncho', 3.4444167e-07),
  ('n04335435', 'streetcar', 3.4165825e-07),
  ('n02119789', 'kit_fox', 3.3942806e-07),
  ('n03126707', 'crane', 3.3680973e-07),
  ('n02111889', 'Samoyed', 3.347274e-07),
  ('n02423022', 'gazelle', 3.334097e-07),
  ('n03776460', 'mobile_home', 3.3180436e-07),
  ('n02895154', 'breastplate', 3.2841035e-07),
  ('n02108551', 'Tibetan_mastiff', 3.2366867e-07),
  ('n02981792', 'catamaran', 3.207232e-07),
  ('n04252225', 'snowplow', 3.1913635e-07),
  ('n01795545', 'black_grouse', 3.1679085e-07),
  ('n02088094', 'Afghan_hound', 3.1401186e-07),
  ('n01824575', 'coucal', 3.0895288e-07),
  ('n02018207', 'American_coot', 3.0811518e-07),
  ('n02328150', 'Angora', 3.0591715e-07),
  ('n02814860', 'beacon', 3.0567688e-07),
  ('n01873310', 'platypus', 3.0511418e-07),
  ('n02493793', 'spider_monkey', 3.043217e-07),
  ('n02437616', 'llama', 3.011784e-07),
  ('n02100877', 'Irish_setter', 2.958955e-07),
  ('n03781244', 'monastery', 2.9141253e-07),
  ('n03673027', 'liner', 2.8903585e-07),
  ('n02794156', 'barometer', 2.8863946e-07),
  ('n01592084', 'chickadee', 2.8575457e-07),
  ('n03888257', 'parachute', 2.8293954e-07),
  ('n03393912', 'freight_car', 2.824831e-07),
  ('n09399592', 'promontory', 2.8110392e-07),
  ('n02483708', 'siamang', 2.7946936e-07),
  ('n02917067', 'bullet_train', 2.7769332e-07),
  ('n01494475', 'hammerhead', 2.7539255e-07),
  ('n02489166', 'proboscis_monkey', 2.7483475e-07),
  ('n02749479', 'assault_rifle', 2.720292e-07),
  ('n09468604', 'valley', 2.6796533e-07),
  ('n04005630', 'prison', 2.6744937e-07),
  ('n03594734', 'jean', 2.5947259e-07),
  ('n01871265', 'tusker', 2.4810953e-07),
  ('n02090721', 'Irish_wolfhound', 2.4775676e-07),
  ('n02112350', 'keeshond', 2.4367267e-07),
  ('n01484850', 'great_white_shark', 2.4118341e-07),
  ('n02412080', 'ram', 2.367995e-07),
  ('n02111129', 'Leonberg', 2.3133344e-07),
  ('n02492660', 'howler_monkey', 2.309109e-07),
  ('n02033041', 'dowitcher', 2.2919744e-07),
  ('n02690373', 'airliner', 2.2846983e-07),
  ('n02669723', 'academic_gown', 2.2366271e-07),
  ('n02120505', 'grey_fox', 2.2299396e-07),
  ('n02356798', 'fox_squirrel', 2.2188152e-07),
  ('n01770081', 'harvestman', 2.2009186e-07),
  ('n02125311', 'cougar', 2.170097e-07),
  ('n01828970', 'bee_eater', 2.1663668e-07),
  ('n03662601', 'lifeboat', 2.1337588e-07),
  ('n02793495', 'barn', 2.1235518e-07),
  ('n03743016', 'megalith', 2.1187817e-07),
  ('n04613696', 'yurt', 2.1019164e-07),
  ('n02095889', 'Sealyham_terrier', 2.0787701e-07),
  ('n03218198', 'dogsled', 2.0605856e-07),
  ('n04612504', 'yawl', 2.0055212e-07),
  ('n03888605', 'parallel_bars', 2.001862e-07),
  ('n02114367', 'timber_wolf', 1.9979748e-07),
  ('n02091635', 'otterhound', 1.9902006e-07),
  ('n02640242', 'sturgeon', 1.9773454e-07),
  ('n01534433', 'junco', 1.9044201e-07),
  ('n02009229', 'little_blue_heron', 1.8505617e-07),
  ('n02437312', 'Arabian_camel', 1.8130214e-07),
  ('n04592741', 'wing', 1.7944384e-07),
  ('n02114712', 'red_wolf', 1.7553512e-07),
  ('n02486410', 'baboon', 1.740439e-07),
  ('n02500267', 'indri', 1.7338704e-07),
  ('n02486261', 'patas', 1.6444879e-07),
  ('n03838899', 'oboe', 1.6423267e-07),
  ('n01601694', 'water_ouzel', 1.5955592e-07),
  ('n02859443', 'boathouse', 1.5935186e-07),
  ('n02422699', 'impala', 1.5628878e-07),
  ('n02090622', 'borzoi', 1.5393738e-07),
  ('n04487081', 'trolleybus', 1.4914886e-07),
  ('n02105505', 'komondor', 1.4366643e-07),
  ('n02488291', 'langur', 1.4224963e-07),
  ('n02408429', 'water_buffalo', 1.4205239e-07),
  ('n02504458', 'African_elephant', 1.4153893e-07),
  ('n02114855', 'coyote', 1.3954431e-07),
  ('n02002556', 'white_stork', 1.3758712e-07),
  ('n02133161', 'American_black_bear', 1.3329375e-07),
  ('n04540053', 'volleyball', 1.3171935e-07),
  ('n03042490', 'cliff_dwelling', 1.3026153e-07),
  ('n02481823', 'chimpanzee', 1.2420873e-07),
  ('n01910747', 'jellyfish', 1.2354691e-07),
  ('n02132136', 'brown_bear', 1.2257927e-07),
  ('n04552348', 'warplane', 1.2160598e-07),
  ('n04252077', 'snowmobile', 1.2154626e-07),
  ('n02415577', 'bighorn', 1.2015119e-07),
  ('n02363005', 'beaver', 1.1937075e-07),
  ('n09246464', 'cliff', 1.1439359e-07),
  ('n01608432', 'kite', 1.14079725e-07),
  ('n04266014', 'space_shuttle', 1.1255663e-07),
  ('n01622779', 'great_grey_owl', 1.11373325e-07),
  ('n01614925', 'bald_eagle', 1.1111192e-07),
  ('n02009912', 'American_egret', 1.0589369e-07),
  ('n02484975', 'guenon', 1.05126944e-07),
  ('n03146219', 'cuirass', 1.0502113e-07),
  ('n02129165', 'lion', 1.0445438e-07),
  ('n02687172', 'aircraft_carrier', 1.0314829e-07),
  ('n02119022', 'red_fox', 1.0100304e-07),
  ('n02389026', 'sorrel', 1.0047971e-07),
  ('n02115913', 'dhole', 9.666792e-08),
  ('n02692877', 'airship', 9.317205e-08),
  ('n02361337', 'marmot', 9.2581615e-08),
  ('n04044716', 'radio_telescope', 9.149724e-08),
  ('n02916936', 'bulletproof_vest', 9.0021956e-08),
  ('n04258138', 'solar_dish', 8.630675e-08),
  ('n02112137', 'chow', 8.574706e-08),
  ('n02410509', 'bison', 8.536952e-08),
  ('n02396427', 'wild_boar', 8.316313e-08),
  ('n02483362', 'gibbon', 8.11186e-08),
  ('n02480855', 'gorilla', 8.1035324e-08),
  ('n02114548', 'white_wolf', 7.675322e-08),
  ('n02134084', 'ice_bear', 7.589809e-08),
  ('n02488702', 'colobus', 7.512281e-08),
  ('n02018795', 'bustard', 7.43634e-08),
  ('n04347754', 'submarine', 7.342488e-08),
  ('n04417672', 'thatch', 7.2710634e-08),
  ('n02058221', 'albatross', 7.1849755e-08),
  ('n09472597', 'volcano', 6.475818e-08),
  ('n03160309', 'dam', 5.7200587e-08),
  ('n02074367', 'dugong', 4.8488506e-08),
  ('n03240683', 'drilling_platform', 4.3388532e-08),
  ('n02480495', 'orangutan', 4.3289997e-08),
  ('n02417914', 'ibex', 4.3238586e-08),
  ('n02120079', 'Arctic_fox', 4.2070614e-08),
  ('n03272562', 'electric_locomotive', 4.1462076e-08),
  ('n02422106', 'hartebeest', 4.0936378e-08),
  ('n02397096', 'warthog', 3.2859568e-08),
  ('n09288635', 'geyser', 2.4705871e-08),
  ('n02134418', 'sloth_bear', 2.0422515e-08),
  ('n04310018', 'steam_locomotive', 1.21683055e-08)]]

We end up with probabilitis split among multiple categories of a certain "style" like multiple dog breeds. One way to try improving on this, is to use this classifier to do an approximative segmentation by splitting the image into subregions.

We create overlapping patches and do the prediction on those:

In [15]:
patch = 400
step = 100
all_features =[]
for i in np.arange(0,image.shape[0]-patch-1,step):
    print(i)
    for j in np.arange(0,image.shape[1]-patch-1,step):
        subimage = image[i:i+patch,j:j+patch,:]
        image_resize = skimage.transform.resize(subimage,(224,224),preserve_range=True)
        x = np.expand_dims(image_resize, axis=0)
        x = preprocess_input(x)

        features = model.predict(x)
        all_features.append(features)
    

0

/usr/local/lib/python3.5/dist-packages/skimage/transform/_warps.py:105: UserWarning: The default mode, 'constant', will be changed to 'reflect' in skimage 0.15.
  warn("The default mode, 'constant', will be changed to 'reflect' in "
/usr/local/lib/python3.5/dist-packages/skimage/transform/_warps.py:110: UserWarning: Anti-aliasing will be enabled by default in skimage 0.15 to avoid aliasing artifacts when down-sampling images.
  warn("Anti-aliasing will be enabled by default in skimage 0.15 to "

100
200
In [16]:
[decode_predictions(x, top=1000)[0][0] for x in all_features if decode_predictions(x, top=1000)[0][0][2]>0.3]
Out[16]:
[('n07753592', 'banana', 0.78769964),
 ('n07753592', 'banana', 0.47260636),
 ('n07753592', 'banana', 0.5114516),
 ('n07745940', 'strawberry', 0.68358153),
 ('n07745940', 'strawberry', 0.81029093),
 ('n07745940', 'strawberry', 0.92421764),
 ('n07753592', 'banana', 0.8903582),
 ('n07753592', 'banana', 0.7702213),
 ('n07753592', 'banana', 0.8909377),
 ('n07745940', 'strawberry', 0.9785351),
 ('n07745940', 'strawberry', 0.9900946),
 ('n07745940', 'strawberry', 0.98152024),
 ('n07745940', 'strawberry', 0.7820029),
 ('n07753592', 'banana', 0.98062783),
 ('n07753592', 'banana', 0.80547625),
 ('n07745940', 'strawberry', 0.69026893),
 ('n07745940', 'strawberry', 0.99909794),
 ('n07745940', 'strawberry', 0.99729496),
 ('n07745940', 'strawberry', 0.9918213),
 ('n07745940', 'strawberry', 0.4741534)]

We can now superpose those segmented features over the original image:

In [17]:
import matplotlib.colors
cmap = matplotlib.colors.ListedColormap ( np.random.rand ( 256,3))

reshaped = np.reshape([np.argmax(x) for x in all_features],
                      (len(np.arange(0,image.shape[0]-patch-1,step)),len(np.arange(0,image.shape[1]-patch-1,step))))

plt.figure(figsize=(10,10))
plt.imshow(image)
plt.imshow(skimage.transform.resize(reshaped,(image.shape[0],image.shape[1]), order=0,preserve_range=True),cmap = cmap,alpha = 0.8)
plt.show()

/usr/local/lib/python3.5/dist-packages/skimage/transform/_warps.py:105: UserWarning: The default mode, 'constant', will be changed to 'reflect' in skimage 0.15.
  warn("The default mode, 'constant', will be changed to 'reflect' in "
/usr/local/lib/python3.5/dist-packages/skimage/transform/_warps.py:110: UserWarning: Anti-aliasing will be enabled by default in skimage 0.15 to avoid aliasing artifacts when down-sampling images.
  warn("Anti-aliasing will be enabled by default in skimage 0.15 to "

Let's create an array with the index names and plot them on top of the image:

In [18]:
names = np.reshape([decode_predictions(x, top=1000)[0][0][1] for x in all_features],
          (len(np.arange(0,image.shape[0]-patch-1,step)),len(np.arange(0,image.shape[1]-patch-1,step))))
In [19]:
plt.figure(figsize=(10,10))
plt.imshow(image)
plt.imshow(skimage.transform.resize(reshaped,(image.shape[0],image.shape[1]), order=0,preserve_range=True),cmap = cmap,alpha = 0.8)
fact = image.shape[0]/reshaped.shape[0]
for x in range(names.shape[0]):
    for y in range(names.shape[1]):
        plt.text(x=(y)*image.shape[1]/reshaped.shape[1],y=(x+0.5)*image.shape[0]/reshaped.shape[0],s = names[x,y])
plt.show()

/usr/local/lib/python3.5/dist-packages/skimage/transform/_warps.py:105: UserWarning: The default mode, 'constant', will be changed to 'reflect' in skimage 0.15.
  warn("The default mode, 'constant', will be changed to 'reflect' in "
/usr/local/lib/python3.5/dist-packages/skimage/transform/_warps.py:110: UserWarning: Anti-aliasing will be enabled by default in skimage 0.15 to avoid aliasing artifacts when down-sampling images.
  warn("Anti-aliasing will be enabled by default in skimage 0.15 to "