class: center, middle, inverse, title-slide # Discrimination ## EC 350: Labor Economics ### <a href="https://kyleraze.com">Kyle Raze</a> ### Winter 2022 --- # Discrimination ### **What is it?** Labor market discrimination occurs when two or more **equally productive individuals** are **treated differently** on the basis of some other characteristic. - **Examples?** Age, race, gender, *etc.* -- ### **Why should we care?** Discrimination is... - Morally objectionable. - Illegal. - A cause of inequality. - Common. --- # Understanding group differences **Q:** What do we mean when we say ".hi-pink[Group A] **earns less than** .hi-green[Group B]**, on average**?" --- count: false # Understanding group differences **Q:** What do we mean when we say ".hi-pink[Group A] **earns less than** .hi-green[Group B]**, on average**?" <img src="16-Discrimination_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-1-1.svg" style="display: block; margin: auto;" /> --- count: false # Understanding group differences **Q:** What do we mean when we say ".hi-pink[Group A] **earns less than** .hi-green[Group B]**, on average**?" <img src="16-Discrimination_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-2-1.svg" style="display: block; margin: auto;" /> --- # Wage gaps ## **Data** **The source?** Current Population Survey (via [IPUMS](https://cps.ipums.org/cps/)). **The sample?** Nationally representative sample of employed working-age adults aged 16.mono[+]. - We will further restrict the sample to those who self-identify as Asian, Black, Hispanic (of any race), or White (non-Hispanic). - We will first analyze the 2021 data through April (23,556 survey respondents), then incorporate data going back to 2010 (999,313 survey respondents). **The outcome?** Hourly wages. --- # Wage gaps ## **Approach** Run regressions of the form `$$\log(\text{Wage}_i) = \alpha + \beta~\text{Group}_i + X^{'} \Phi + \varepsilon_i$$` - `\(\text{Group}_i\)` is an indicator variable denoting race or gender. - `\(\beta \times 100\)` is the wage gap, interpreted as a percentage difference. - Relative to a "reference group." - `\(X^{'}\)` is a vector of control variables. --- class: clear-slide .center[**Racial wage gaps among men (2021)**] <table style="width:100%;"> <thead> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;color: #708090 !important;"> </th> <th style="text-align:center;color: #708090 !important;"> (1) </th> <th style="text-align:center;color: #708090 !important;"> (2) </th> <th style="text-align:center;color: #708090 !important;"> (3) </th> <th style="text-align:center;color: #708090 !important;"> (4) </th> <th style="text-align:center;color: #708090 !important;"> (5) </th> <th style="text-align:center;color: #708090 !important;"> (6) </th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> Asian </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> 0.025 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -0.022 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -0.022 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -0.002 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> 0.004 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -0.027 </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.028) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.026) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.025) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.025) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.022) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.022) </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> Black </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -0.191 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -0.178 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -0.175 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -0.145 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -0.115 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -0.095 </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.016) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.015) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.014) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.014) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.014) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.016) </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> Hispanic </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -0.122 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -0.051 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -0.034 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -0.032 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -0.017 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -0.011 </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.011) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.011) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.011) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.010) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.010) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.015) </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> Education </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> Experience </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> Industry </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> Occupation </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> State </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> .footnote[*Notes:* Outcome variable .mono[=] log(hourly wage). Standard errors in parentheses. Reference category .mono[=] White men.] --- count: false class: clear-slide .center[**Racial wage gaps among men (2021)**] <table style="width:100%;"> <thead> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;color: #708090 !important;"> </th> <th style="text-align:center;color: #708090 !important;"> (1) </th> <th style="text-align:center;color: #708090 !important;"> (2) </th> <th style="text-align:center;color: #708090 !important;"> (3) </th> <th style="text-align:center;color: #708090 !important;"> (4) </th> <th style="text-align:center;color: #708090 !important;"> (5) </th> <th style="text-align:center;color: #708090 !important;"> (6) </th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> Asian </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> 0.025 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -0.022 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -0.022 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -0.002 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> 0.004 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -0.027 </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> (0.028) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.026) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.025) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.025) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.022) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.022) </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> Black </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> -0.191 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -0.178 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -0.175 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -0.145 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -0.115 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -0.095 </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> (0.016) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.015) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.014) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.014) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.014) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.016) </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> Hispanic </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> -0.122 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -0.051 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -0.034 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -0.032 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -0.017 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -0.011 </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> (0.011) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.011) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.011) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.010) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.010) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.015) </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> Education </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> Experience </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> Industry </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> Occupation </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> State </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> .footnote[*Notes:* Outcome variable .mono[=] log(hourly wage). Standard errors in parentheses. Reference category .mono[=] White men.] --- count: false class: clear-slide .center[**Racial wage gaps among men (2021)**] <table style="width:100%;"> <thead> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;color: #708090 !important;"> </th> <th style="text-align:center;color: #708090 !important;"> (1) </th> <th style="text-align:center;color: #708090 !important;"> (2) </th> <th style="text-align:center;color: #708090 !important;"> (3) </th> <th style="text-align:center;color: #708090 !important;"> (4) </th> <th style="text-align:center;color: #708090 !important;"> (5) </th> <th style="text-align:center;color: #708090 !important;"> (6) </th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> Asian </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> 0.025 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> -0.022 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -0.022 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -0.002 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> 0.004 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -0.027 </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.028) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> (0.026) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.025) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.025) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.022) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.022) </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> Black </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -0.191 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> -0.178 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -0.175 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -0.145 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -0.115 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -0.095 </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.016) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> (0.015) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.014) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.014) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.014) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.016) </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> Hispanic </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -0.122 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> -0.051 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -0.034 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -0.032 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -0.017 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -0.011 </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.011) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> (0.011) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.011) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.010) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.010) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.015) </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> Education </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> Experience </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> Industry </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> Occupation </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> State </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> .footnote[*Notes:* Outcome variable .mono[=] log(hourly wage). Standard errors in parentheses. Reference category .mono[=] White men.] --- count: false class: clear-slide .center[**Racial wage gaps among men (2021)**] <table style="width:100%;"> <thead> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;color: #708090 !important;"> </th> <th style="text-align:center;color: #708090 !important;"> (1) </th> <th style="text-align:center;color: #708090 !important;"> (2) </th> <th style="text-align:center;color: #708090 !important;"> (3) </th> <th style="text-align:center;color: #708090 !important;"> (4) </th> <th style="text-align:center;color: #708090 !important;"> (5) </th> <th style="text-align:center;color: #708090 !important;"> (6) </th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> Asian </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> 0.025 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -0.022 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> -0.022 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -0.002 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> 0.004 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -0.027 </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.028) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.026) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> (0.025) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.025) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.022) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.022) </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> Black </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -0.191 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -0.178 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> -0.175 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -0.145 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -0.115 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -0.095 </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.016) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.015) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> (0.014) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.014) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.014) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.016) </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> Hispanic </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -0.122 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -0.051 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> -0.034 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -0.032 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -0.017 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -0.011 </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.011) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.011) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> (0.011) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.010) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.010) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.015) </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> Education </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> Experience </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> Industry </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> Occupation </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> State </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> .footnote[*Notes:* Outcome variable .mono[=] log(hourly wage). Standard errors in parentheses. Reference category .mono[=] White men.] --- count: false class: clear-slide .center[**Racial wage gaps among men (2021)**] <table style="width:100%;"> <thead> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;color: #708090 !important;"> </th> <th style="text-align:center;color: #708090 !important;"> (1) </th> <th style="text-align:center;color: #708090 !important;"> (2) </th> <th style="text-align:center;color: #708090 !important;"> (3) </th> <th style="text-align:center;color: #708090 !important;"> (4) </th> <th style="text-align:center;color: #708090 !important;"> (5) </th> <th style="text-align:center;color: #708090 !important;"> (6) </th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> Asian </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> 0.025 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -0.022 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -0.022 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> -0.002 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> 0.004 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -0.027 </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.028) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.026) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.025) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> (0.025) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.022) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.022) </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> Black </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -0.191 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -0.178 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -0.175 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> -0.145 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -0.115 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -0.095 </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.016) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.015) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.014) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> (0.014) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.014) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.016) </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> Hispanic </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -0.122 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -0.051 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -0.034 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> -0.032 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -0.017 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -0.011 </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.011) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.011) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.011) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> (0.010) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.010) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.015) </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> Education </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> Experience </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> Industry </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> Occupation </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> State </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> .footnote[*Notes:* Outcome variable .mono[=] log(hourly wage). Standard errors in parentheses. Reference category .mono[=] White men.] --- count: false class: clear-slide .center[**Racial wage gaps among men (2021)**] <table style="width:100%;"> <thead> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;color: #708090 !important;"> </th> <th style="text-align:center;color: #708090 !important;"> (1) </th> <th style="text-align:center;color: #708090 !important;"> (2) </th> <th style="text-align:center;color: #708090 !important;"> (3) </th> <th style="text-align:center;color: #708090 !important;"> (4) </th> <th style="text-align:center;color: #708090 !important;"> (5) </th> <th style="text-align:center;color: #708090 !important;"> (6) </th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> Asian </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> 0.025 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -0.022 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -0.022 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -0.002 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> 0.004 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -0.027 </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.028) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.026) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.025) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.025) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> (0.022) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.022) </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> Black </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -0.191 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -0.178 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -0.175 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -0.145 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> -0.115 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -0.095 </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.016) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.015) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.014) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.014) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> (0.014) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.016) </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> Hispanic </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -0.122 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -0.051 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -0.034 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -0.032 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> -0.017 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -0.011 </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.011) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.011) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.011) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.010) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> (0.010) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.015) </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> Education </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> Experience </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> Industry </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> Occupation </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> State </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> .footnote[*Notes:* Outcome variable .mono[=] log(hourly wage). Standard errors in parentheses. Reference category .mono[=] White men.] --- count: false class: clear-slide .center[**Racial wage gaps among men (2021)**] <table style="width:100%;"> <thead> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;color: #708090 !important;"> </th> <th style="text-align:center;color: #708090 !important;"> (1) </th> <th style="text-align:center;color: #708090 !important;"> (2) </th> <th style="text-align:center;color: #708090 !important;"> (3) </th> <th style="text-align:center;color: #708090 !important;"> (4) </th> <th style="text-align:center;color: #708090 !important;"> (5) </th> <th style="text-align:center;color: #708090 !important;"> (6) </th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> Asian </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> 0.025 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -0.022 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -0.022 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -0.002 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> 0.004 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> -0.027 </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.028) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.026) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.025) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.025) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.022) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> (0.022) </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> Black </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -0.191 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -0.178 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -0.175 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -0.145 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -0.115 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> -0.095 </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.016) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.015) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.014) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.014) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.014) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> (0.016) </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> Hispanic </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -0.122 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -0.051 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -0.034 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -0.032 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -0.017 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> -0.011 </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.011) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.011) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.011) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.010) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.010) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> (0.015) </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> Education </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> Experience </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> Industry </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> Occupation </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> State </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> .footnote[*Notes:* Outcome variable .mono[=] log(hourly wage). Standard errors in parentheses. Reference category .mono[=] White men.] --- class: clear-slide .center[**Racial wage gaps among men (2010-2021)**] <img src="16-Discrimination_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-10-1.svg" style="display: block; margin: auto;" /> .footnote[*Notes:* Outcome variable .mono[=] log(hourly wage). Vertical bars outline 95% confidence intervals. Reference category .mono[=] White men.] --- class: clear-slide .center[**Racial wage gaps among women (2021)**] <table style="width:100%;"> <thead> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;color: #708090 !important;"> </th> <th style="text-align:center;color: #708090 !important;"> (1) </th> <th style="text-align:center;color: #708090 !important;"> (2) </th> <th style="text-align:center;color: #708090 !important;"> (3) </th> <th style="text-align:center;color: #708090 !important;"> (4) </th> <th style="text-align:center;color: #708090 !important;"> (5) </th> <th style="text-align:center;color: #708090 !important;"> (6) </th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> Asian </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> 0.065 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> 0.019 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> 0.011 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> 0.019 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> 0.039 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -0.024 </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.025) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.022) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.022) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.021) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.020) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.021) </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> Black </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -0.102 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -0.063 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -0.057 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -0.069 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -0.04 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -0.023 </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.014) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.012) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.012) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.012) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.012) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.012) </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> Hispanic </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -0.123 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -0.013 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> 0.004 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> 0.013 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> 0.034 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> 0.005 </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.012) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.011) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.011) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.011) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.010) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.011) </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> Education </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> Experience </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> Industry </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> Occupation </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> State </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> .footnote[*Notes:* Outcome variable .mono[=] log(hourly wage). Standard errors in parentheses. Reference category .mono[=] White women.] --- count: false class: clear-slide .center[**Racial wage gaps among women (2021)**] <table style="width:100%;"> <thead> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;color: #708090 !important;"> </th> <th style="text-align:center;color: #708090 !important;"> (1) </th> <th style="text-align:center;color: #708090 !important;"> (2) </th> <th style="text-align:center;color: #708090 !important;"> (3) </th> <th style="text-align:center;color: #708090 !important;"> (4) </th> <th style="text-align:center;color: #708090 !important;"> (5) </th> <th style="text-align:center;color: #708090 !important;"> (6) </th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> Asian </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> 0.065 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> 0.019 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> 0.011 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> 0.019 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> 0.039 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -0.024 </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> (0.025) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.022) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.022) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.021) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.020) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.021) </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> Black </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> -0.102 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -0.063 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -0.057 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -0.069 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -0.04 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -0.023 </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> (0.014) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.012) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.012) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.012) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.012) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.012) </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> Hispanic </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> -0.123 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -0.013 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> 0.004 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> 0.013 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> 0.034 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> 0.005 </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> (0.012) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.011) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.011) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.011) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.010) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.011) </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> Education </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> Experience </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> Industry </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> Occupation </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> State </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> .footnote[*Notes:* Outcome variable .mono[=] log(hourly wage). Standard errors in parentheses. Reference category .mono[=] White women.] --- count: false class: clear-slide .center[**Racial wage gaps among women (2021)**] <table style="width:100%;"> <thead> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;color: #708090 !important;"> </th> <th style="text-align:center;color: #708090 !important;"> (1) </th> <th style="text-align:center;color: #708090 !important;"> (2) </th> <th style="text-align:center;color: #708090 !important;"> (3) </th> <th style="text-align:center;color: #708090 !important;"> (4) </th> <th style="text-align:center;color: #708090 !important;"> (5) </th> <th style="text-align:center;color: #708090 !important;"> (6) </th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> Asian </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> 0.065 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> 0.019 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> 0.011 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> 0.019 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> 0.039 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -0.024 </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.025) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> (0.022) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.022) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.021) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.020) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.021) </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> Black </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -0.102 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> -0.063 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -0.057 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -0.069 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -0.04 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -0.023 </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.014) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> (0.012) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.012) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.012) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.012) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.012) </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> Hispanic </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -0.123 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> -0.013 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> 0.004 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> 0.013 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> 0.034 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> 0.005 </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.012) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> (0.011) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.011) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.011) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.010) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.011) </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> Education </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> Experience </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> Industry </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> Occupation </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> State </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> .footnote[*Notes:* Outcome variable .mono[=] log(hourly wage). Standard errors in parentheses. Reference category .mono[=] White women.] --- count: false class: clear-slide .center[**Racial wage gaps among women (2021)**] <table style="width:100%;"> <thead> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;color: #708090 !important;"> </th> <th style="text-align:center;color: #708090 !important;"> (1) </th> <th style="text-align:center;color: #708090 !important;"> (2) </th> <th style="text-align:center;color: #708090 !important;"> (3) </th> <th style="text-align:center;color: #708090 !important;"> (4) </th> <th style="text-align:center;color: #708090 !important;"> (5) </th> <th style="text-align:center;color: #708090 !important;"> (6) </th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> Asian </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> 0.065 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> 0.019 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> 0.011 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> 0.019 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> 0.039 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -0.024 </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.025) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.022) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> (0.022) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.021) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.020) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.021) </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> Black </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -0.102 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -0.063 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> -0.057 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -0.069 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -0.04 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -0.023 </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.014) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.012) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> (0.012) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.012) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.012) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.012) </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> Hispanic </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -0.123 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -0.013 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> 0.004 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> 0.013 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> 0.034 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> 0.005 </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.012) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.011) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> (0.011) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.011) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.010) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.011) </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> Education </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> Experience </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> Industry </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> Occupation </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> State </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> .footnote[*Notes:* Outcome variable .mono[=] log(hourly wage). Standard errors in parentheses. Reference category .mono[=] White women.] --- count: false class: clear-slide .center[**Racial wage gaps among women (2021)**] <table style="width:100%;"> <thead> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;color: #708090 !important;"> </th> <th style="text-align:center;color: #708090 !important;"> (1) </th> <th style="text-align:center;color: #708090 !important;"> (2) </th> <th style="text-align:center;color: #708090 !important;"> (3) </th> <th style="text-align:center;color: #708090 !important;"> (4) </th> <th style="text-align:center;color: #708090 !important;"> (5) </th> <th style="text-align:center;color: #708090 !important;"> (6) </th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> Asian </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> 0.065 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> 0.019 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> 0.011 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> 0.019 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> 0.039 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -0.024 </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.025) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.022) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.022) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> (0.021) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.020) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.021) </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> Black </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -0.102 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -0.063 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -0.057 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> -0.069 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -0.04 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -0.023 </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.014) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.012) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.012) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> (0.012) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.012) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.012) </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> Hispanic </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -0.123 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -0.013 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> 0.004 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> 0.013 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> 0.034 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> 0.005 </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.012) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.011) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.011) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> (0.011) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.010) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.011) </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> Education </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> Experience </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> Industry </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> Occupation </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> State </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> .footnote[*Notes:* Outcome variable .mono[=] log(hourly wage). Standard errors in parentheses. Reference category .mono[=] White women.] --- count: false class: clear-slide .center[**Racial wage gaps among women (2021)**] <table style="width:100%;"> <thead> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;color: #708090 !important;"> </th> <th style="text-align:center;color: #708090 !important;"> (1) </th> <th style="text-align:center;color: #708090 !important;"> (2) </th> <th style="text-align:center;color: #708090 !important;"> (3) </th> <th style="text-align:center;color: #708090 !important;"> (4) </th> <th style="text-align:center;color: #708090 !important;"> (5) </th> <th style="text-align:center;color: #708090 !important;"> (6) </th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> Asian </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> 0.065 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> 0.019 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> 0.011 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> 0.019 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> 0.039 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -0.024 </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.025) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.022) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.022) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.021) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> (0.020) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.021) </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> Black </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -0.102 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -0.063 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -0.057 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -0.069 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> -0.04 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -0.023 </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.014) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.012) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.012) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.012) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> (0.012) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.012) </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> Hispanic </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -0.123 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -0.013 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> 0.004 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> 0.013 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> 0.034 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> 0.005 </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.012) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.011) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.011) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.011) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> (0.010) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.011) </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> Education </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> Experience </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> Industry </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> Occupation </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> State </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> .footnote[*Notes:* Outcome variable .mono[=] log(hourly wage). Standard errors in parentheses. Reference category .mono[=] White women.] --- count: false class: clear-slide .center[**Racial wage gaps among women (2021)**] <table style="width:100%;"> <thead> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;color: #708090 !important;"> </th> <th style="text-align:center;color: #708090 !important;"> (1) </th> <th style="text-align:center;color: #708090 !important;"> (2) </th> <th style="text-align:center;color: #708090 !important;"> (3) </th> <th style="text-align:center;color: #708090 !important;"> (4) </th> <th style="text-align:center;color: #708090 !important;"> (5) </th> <th style="text-align:center;color: #708090 !important;"> (6) </th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> Asian </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> 0.065 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> 0.019 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> 0.011 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> 0.019 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> 0.039 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> -0.024 </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.025) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.022) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.022) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.021) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.020) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> (0.021) </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> Black </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -0.102 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -0.063 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -0.057 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -0.069 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -0.04 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> -0.023 </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.014) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.012) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.012) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.012) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.012) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> (0.012) </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> Hispanic </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -0.123 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -0.013 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> 0.004 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> 0.013 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> 0.034 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> 0.005 </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.012) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.011) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.011) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.011) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.010) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> (0.011) </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> Education </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> Experience </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> Industry </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> Occupation </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> State </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> .footnote[*Notes:* Outcome variable .mono[=] log(hourly wage). Standard errors in parentheses. Reference category .mono[=] White women.] --- class: clear-slide .center[**Racial wage gaps among women (2010-2021)**] <img src="16-Discrimination_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-18-1.svg" style="display: block; margin: auto;" /> .footnote[*Notes:* Outcome variable .mono[=] log(hourly wage). Vertical bars outline 95% confidence intervals. Reference category .mono[=] White women.] --- class: clear-slide .center[**Gender wage gap among Whites (2021)**] <table style="width:100%;"> <thead> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;color: #708090 !important;"> </th> <th style="text-align:center;color: #708090 !important;"> (1) </th> <th style="text-align:center;color: #708090 !important;"> (2) </th> <th style="text-align:center;color: #708090 !important;"> (3) </th> <th style="text-align:center;color: #708090 !important;"> (4) </th> <th style="text-align:center;color: #708090 !important;"> (5) </th> <th style="text-align:center;color: #708090 !important;"> (6) </th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> Female </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -0.114 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -0.159 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -0.167 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -0.121 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -0.09 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -0.086 </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.009) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.009) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.008) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.009) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.009) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.009) </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> Education </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> Experience </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> Industry </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> Occupation </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> State </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> .footnote[*Notes:* Outcome variable .mono[=] log(hourly wage). Standard errors in parentheses. Reference category .mono[=] White men.] --- count: false class: clear-slide .center[**Gender wage gap among Whites (2021)**] <table style="width:100%;"> <thead> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;color: #708090 !important;"> </th> <th style="text-align:center;color: #708090 !important;"> (1) </th> <th style="text-align:center;color: #708090 !important;"> (2) </th> <th style="text-align:center;color: #708090 !important;"> (3) </th> <th style="text-align:center;color: #708090 !important;"> (4) </th> <th style="text-align:center;color: #708090 !important;"> (5) </th> <th style="text-align:center;color: #708090 !important;"> (6) </th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> Female </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> -0.114 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -0.159 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -0.167 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -0.121 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -0.09 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -0.086 </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> (0.009) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.009) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.008) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.009) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.009) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.009) </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> Education </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> Experience </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> Industry </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> Occupation </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> State </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> .footnote[*Notes:* Outcome variable .mono[=] log(hourly wage). Standard errors in parentheses. Reference category .mono[=] White men.] --- count: false class: clear-slide .center[**Gender wage gap among Whites (2021)**] <table style="width:100%;"> <thead> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;color: #708090 !important;"> </th> <th style="text-align:center;color: #708090 !important;"> (1) </th> <th style="text-align:center;color: #708090 !important;"> (2) </th> <th style="text-align:center;color: #708090 !important;"> (3) </th> <th style="text-align:center;color: #708090 !important;"> (4) </th> <th style="text-align:center;color: #708090 !important;"> (5) </th> <th style="text-align:center;color: #708090 !important;"> (6) </th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> Female </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -0.114 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> -0.159 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -0.167 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -0.121 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -0.09 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -0.086 </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.009) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> (0.009) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.008) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.009) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.009) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.009) </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> Education </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> Experience </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> Industry </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> Occupation </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> State </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> .footnote[*Notes:* Outcome variable .mono[=] log(hourly wage). Standard errors in parentheses. Reference category .mono[=] White men.] --- count: false class: clear-slide .center[**Gender wage gap among Whites (2021)**] <table style="width:100%;"> <thead> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;color: #708090 !important;"> </th> <th style="text-align:center;color: #708090 !important;"> (1) </th> <th style="text-align:center;color: #708090 !important;"> (2) </th> <th style="text-align:center;color: #708090 !important;"> (3) </th> <th style="text-align:center;color: #708090 !important;"> (4) </th> <th style="text-align:center;color: #708090 !important;"> (5) </th> <th style="text-align:center;color: #708090 !important;"> (6) </th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> Female </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -0.114 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -0.159 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> -0.167 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -0.121 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -0.09 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -0.086 </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.009) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.009) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> (0.008) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.009) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.009) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.009) </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> Education </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> Experience </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> Industry </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> Occupation </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> State </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> .footnote[*Notes:* Outcome variable .mono[=] log(hourly wage). Standard errors in parentheses. Reference category .mono[=] White men.] --- count: false class: clear-slide .center[**Gender wage gap among Whites (2021)**] <table style="width:100%;"> <thead> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;color: #708090 !important;"> </th> <th style="text-align:center;color: #708090 !important;"> (1) </th> <th style="text-align:center;color: #708090 !important;"> (2) </th> <th style="text-align:center;color: #708090 !important;"> (3) </th> <th style="text-align:center;color: #708090 !important;"> (4) </th> <th style="text-align:center;color: #708090 !important;"> (5) </th> <th style="text-align:center;color: #708090 !important;"> (6) </th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> Female </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -0.114 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -0.159 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -0.167 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> -0.121 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -0.09 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -0.086 </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.009) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.009) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.008) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> (0.009) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.009) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.009) </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> Education </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> Experience </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> Industry </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> Occupation </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> State </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> .footnote[*Notes:* Outcome variable .mono[=] log(hourly wage). Standard errors in parentheses. Reference category .mono[=] White men.] --- count: false class: clear-slide .center[**Gender wage gap among Whites (2021)**] <table style="width:100%;"> <thead> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;color: #708090 !important;"> </th> <th style="text-align:center;color: #708090 !important;"> (1) </th> <th style="text-align:center;color: #708090 !important;"> (2) </th> <th style="text-align:center;color: #708090 !important;"> (3) </th> <th style="text-align:center;color: #708090 !important;"> (4) </th> <th style="text-align:center;color: #708090 !important;"> (5) </th> <th style="text-align:center;color: #708090 !important;"> (6) </th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> Female </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -0.114 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -0.159 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -0.167 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -0.121 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> -0.09 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -0.086 </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.009) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.009) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.008) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.009) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> (0.009) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.009) </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> Education </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> Experience </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> Industry </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> Occupation </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> State </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> .footnote[*Notes:* Outcome variable .mono[=] log(hourly wage). Standard errors in parentheses. Reference category .mono[=] White men.] --- count: false class: clear-slide .center[**Gender wage gap among Whites (2021)**] <table style="width:100%;"> <thead> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;color: #708090 !important;"> </th> <th style="text-align:center;color: #708090 !important;"> (1) </th> <th style="text-align:center;color: #708090 !important;"> (2) </th> <th style="text-align:center;color: #708090 !important;"> (3) </th> <th style="text-align:center;color: #708090 !important;"> (4) </th> <th style="text-align:center;color: #708090 !important;"> (5) </th> <th style="text-align:center;color: #708090 !important;"> (6) </th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> Female </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -0.114 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -0.159 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -0.167 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -0.121 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -0.09 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> -0.086 </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.009) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.009) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.008) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.009) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.009) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> (0.009) </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> Education </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> Experience </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> Industry </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> Occupation </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> State </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> `\(\checkmark\)` </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> .footnote[*Notes:* Outcome variable .mono[=] log(hourly wage). Standard errors in parentheses. Reference category .mono[=] White men.] --- class: clear-slide .center[**Gender wage gaps by race (2010-2021)**] <img src="16-Discrimination_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-26-1.svg" style="display: block; margin: auto;" /> .footnote[*Notes:* Outcome variable .mono[=] log(hourly wage). Vertical bars outline 95% confidence intervals. Reference category .mono[=] Men.] --- # Wage gaps ## **Discussion** **Q:** Do the adjusted gaps provide causal evidence of gender or race discrimination? Why or why not? - Do the adjusted gaps control for enough factors to make an *all-else-equal* claim? - Do the adjusted gaps adjust for too much? --- # Collider bias ## **Example: Gender discrimination** .pull-left[ **Variables** - .hi[F] .mono[=] Gender - .hi[D] .mono[=] Discrimination - .hi[Y] .mono[=] Wages - .hi[O] .mono[=] Occupation - .hi[U] .mono[=] Unobserved ability **Causal paths** - .hi[D] .mono[-->] .hi[Y] (path of interest) - .hi[D] .mono[-->] .hi[O] .mono[-->] .hi[Y] (mediated path) - .hi[D] .mono[-->] .hi[O] .mono[<--] .hi[A] .mono[-->] .hi[Y] ] .pull-right[ <img src="16-Discrimination_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-27-1.svg" style="display: block; margin: auto;" /> ] --- # Collider bias ## **Example: Gender discrimination** .pull-left[ **Simulation** ```r simulated_data <- tibble( female = ifelse(runif(10000) >= 0.5, 1, 0), ability = rnorm(10000), discrimination = female, occupation = 1 + 2 * ability + 0 * female - 2 * discrimination + rnorm(10000), wage = 1 - 1 * discrimination + 1 * occupation + 2 * ability + rnorm(10000) ) lm_1 <- lm(wage ~ female, data = simulated_data) lm_2 <- lm(wage ~ female + occupation, data = simulated_data) lm_3 <- lm(wage ~ female + occupation + ability, data = simulated_data) ``` ] .pull-right[ <img src="16-Discrimination_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-29-1.svg" style="display: block; margin: auto;" /> ] --- count: false # Collider bias ## **Example: Gender discrimination** .pull-left[ **Simulation** ```r simulated_data <- tibble( * female = ifelse(runif(10000) >= 0.5, 1, 0), ability = rnorm(10000), discrimination = female, occupation = 1 + 2 * ability + 0 * female - 2 * discrimination + rnorm(10000), wage = 1 - 1 * discrimination + 1 * occupation + 2 * ability + rnorm(10000) ) lm_1 <- lm(wage ~ female, data = simulated_data) lm_2 <- lm(wage ~ female + occupation, data = simulated_data) lm_3 <- lm(wage ~ female + occupation + ability, data = simulated_data) ``` ] .pull-right[ <img src="16-Discrimination_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-31-1.svg" style="display: block; margin: auto;" /> ] --- count: false # Collider bias ## **Example: Gender discrimination** .pull-left[ **Simulation** ```r simulated_data <- tibble( female = ifelse(runif(10000) >= 0.5, 1, 0), * ability = rnorm(10000), discrimination = female, occupation = 1 + 2 * ability + 0 * female - 2 * discrimination + rnorm(10000), wage = 1 - 1 * discrimination + 1 * occupation + 2 * ability + rnorm(10000) ) lm_1 <- lm(wage ~ female, data = simulated_data) lm_2 <- lm(wage ~ female + occupation, data = simulated_data) lm_3 <- lm(wage ~ female + occupation + ability, data = simulated_data) ``` ] .pull-right[ <img src="16-Discrimination_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-33-1.svg" style="display: block; margin: auto;" /> ] --- count: false # Collider bias ## **Example: Gender discrimination** .pull-left[ **Simulation** ```r simulated_data <- tibble( female = ifelse(runif(10000) >= 0.5, 1, 0), ability = rnorm(10000), * discrimination = female, occupation = 1 + 2 * ability + 0 * female - 2 * discrimination + rnorm(10000), wage = 1 - 1 * discrimination + 1 * occupation + 2 * ability + rnorm(10000) ) lm_1 <- lm(wage ~ female, data = simulated_data) lm_2 <- lm(wage ~ female + occupation, data = simulated_data) lm_3 <- lm(wage ~ female + occupation + ability, data = simulated_data) ``` ] .pull-right[ <img src="16-Discrimination_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-35-1.svg" style="display: block; margin: auto;" /> ] --- count: false # Collider bias ## **Example: Gender discrimination** .pull-left[ **Simulation** ```r simulated_data <- tibble( female = ifelse(runif(10000) >= 0.5, 1, 0), ability = rnorm(10000), discrimination = female, * occupation = 1 + 2 * ability + 0 * female - 2 * discrimination + rnorm(10000), wage = 1 - 1 * discrimination + 1 * occupation + 2 * ability + rnorm(10000) ) lm_1 <- lm(wage ~ female, data = simulated_data) lm_2 <- lm(wage ~ female + occupation, data = simulated_data) lm_3 <- lm(wage ~ female + occupation + ability, data = simulated_data) ``` ] .pull-right[ <img src="16-Discrimination_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-37-1.svg" style="display: block; margin: auto;" /> ] --- count: false # Collider bias ## **Example: Gender discrimination** .pull-left[ **Simulation** ```r simulated_data <- tibble( female = ifelse(runif(10000) >= 0.5, 1, 0), ability = rnorm(10000), discrimination = female, occupation = 1 + 2 * ability + 0 * female - 2 * discrimination + rnorm(10000), * wage = 1 - 1 * discrimination + 1 * occupation + 2 * ability + rnorm(10000) ) lm_1 <- lm(wage ~ female, data = simulated_data) lm_2 <- lm(wage ~ female + occupation, data = simulated_data) lm_3 <- lm(wage ~ female + occupation + ability, data = simulated_data) ``` ] .pull-right[ <img src="16-Discrimination_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-39-1.svg" style="display: block; margin: auto;" /> ] --- # Collider bias ## **Example: Gender discrimination** .pull-left[ **Simulation** ```r simulated_data <- tibble( female = ifelse(runif(10000) >= 0.5, 1, 0), ability = rnorm(10000), discrimination = female, occupation = 1 + 2 * ability + 0 * female - 2 * discrimination + rnorm(10000), wage = 1 - 1 * discrimination + 1 * occupation + 2 * ability + rnorm(10000) ) lm_1 <- lm(wage ~ female, data = simulated_data) lm_2 <- lm(wage ~ female + occupation, data = simulated_data) lm_3 <- lm(wage ~ female + occupation + ability, data = simulated_data) ``` ] .pull-right[ **Results** <table style="width:100%;"> <thead> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;color: #708090 !important;"> </th> <th style="text-align:center;color: #708090 !important;"> (1) </th> <th style="text-align:center;color: #708090 !important;"> (2) </th> <th style="text-align:center;color: #708090 !important;"> (3) </th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> Female </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -3.05 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> 0.58 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -1.01 </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.09) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.03) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.03) </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> Occupation </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> 1.8 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> 1 </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.01) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.01) </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> Ability </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> 2 </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.02) </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> Intercept </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> 1.95 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> 0.2 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> 1.01 </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.06) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.02) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.02) </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> .footnote[*Notes:* Outcome variable .mono[=] wage. Standard errors in parentheses. Reference category .mono[=] Men.] ] --- count: false # Collider bias ## **Example: Gender discrimination** .pull-left[ **Simulation** ```r simulated_data <- tibble( female = ifelse(runif(10000) >= 0.5, 1, 0), ability = rnorm(10000), discrimination = female, occupation = 1 + 2 * ability + 0 * female - 2 * discrimination + rnorm(10000), wage = 1 - 1 * discrimination + 1 * occupation + 2 * ability + rnorm(10000) ) lm_1 <- lm(wage ~ female, data = simulated_data) lm_2 <- lm(wage ~ female + occupation, data = simulated_data) lm_3 <- lm(wage ~ female + occupation + ability, data = simulated_data) ``` ] .pull-right[ **Results** <table style="width:100%;"> <thead> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;color: #708090 !important;"> </th> <th style="text-align:center;color: #708090 !important;"> (1) </th> <th style="text-align:center;color: #708090 !important;"> (2) </th> <th style="text-align:center;color: #708090 !important;"> (3) </th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> Female </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> -3.05 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> 0.58 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -1.01 </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> (0.09) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.03) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.03) </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> Occupation </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> 1.8 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> 1 </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.01) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.01) </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> Ability </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> 2 </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.02) </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> Intercept </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> 1.95 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> 0.2 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> 1.01 </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> (0.06) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.02) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.02) </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> .footnote[*Notes:* Outcome variable .mono[=] wage. Standard errors in parentheses. Reference category .mono[=] Men.] ] --- count: false # Collider bias ## **Example: Gender discrimination** .pull-left[ **Simulation** ```r simulated_data <- tibble( female = ifelse(runif(10000) >= 0.5, 1, 0), ability = rnorm(10000), discrimination = female, occupation = 1 + 2 * ability + 0 * female - 2 * discrimination + rnorm(10000), wage = 1 - 1 * discrimination + 1 * occupation + 2 * ability + rnorm(10000) ) lm_1 <- lm(wage ~ female, data = simulated_data) lm_2 <- lm(wage ~ female + occupation, data = simulated_data) lm_3 <- lm(wage ~ female + occupation + ability, data = simulated_data) ``` ] .pull-right[ **Results** <table style="width:100%;"> <thead> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;color: #708090 !important;"> </th> <th style="text-align:center;color: #708090 !important;"> (1) </th> <th style="text-align:center;color: #708090 !important;"> (2) </th> <th style="text-align:center;color: #708090 !important;"> (3) </th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> Female </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -3.05 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> 0.58 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -1.01 </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.09) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> (0.03) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.03) </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> Occupation </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> 1.8 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> 1 </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> (0.01) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.01) </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> Ability </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> 2 </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.02) </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> Intercept </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> 1.95 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> 0.2 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> 1.01 </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.06) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> (0.02) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.02) </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> .footnote[*Notes:* Outcome variable .mono[=] wage. Standard errors in parentheses. Reference category .mono[=] Men.] ] --- count: false # Collider bias ## **Example: Gender discrimination** .pull-left[ **Simulation** ```r simulated_data <- tibble( female = ifelse(runif(10000) >= 0.5, 1, 0), ability = rnorm(10000), discrimination = female, occupation = 1 + 2 * ability + 0 * female - 2 * discrimination + rnorm(10000), wage = 1 - 1 * discrimination + 1 * occupation + 2 * ability + rnorm(10000) ) lm_1 <- lm(wage ~ female, data = simulated_data) lm_2 <- lm(wage ~ female + occupation, data = simulated_data) lm_3 <- lm(wage ~ female + occupation + ability, data = simulated_data) ``` ] .pull-right[ **Results** <table style="width:100%;"> <thead> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;color: #708090 !important;"> </th> <th style="text-align:center;color: #708090 !important;"> (1) </th> <th style="text-align:center;color: #708090 !important;"> (2) </th> <th style="text-align:center;color: #708090 !important;"> (3) </th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> Female </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> -3.05 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> 0.58 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> -1.01 </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.09) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.03) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> (0.03) </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> Occupation </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> 1.8 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> 1 </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.01) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> (0.01) </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> Ability </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> 2 </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> (0.02) </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> Intercept </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> 1.95 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;"> 0.2 </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> 1.01 </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;font-style: italic;color: #272822 !important;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.06) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;"> (0.02) </td> <td style="text-align:center;color: #272822 !important;color: #c2bebe !important;line-height: 110%;font-weight: bold;"> (0.02) </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> .footnote[*Notes:* Outcome variable .mono[=] wage. Standard errors in parentheses. Reference category .mono[=] Men.] ] --- # Bertrand and Mullainathan (2004) ## **Discussion** **Q.sub[1]:** How does the study measure discrimination in the labor market? **Q.sub[2]:** What are the advantages of the research design? **Q.sub[3]:** What are the weaknesses of the study? **Q.sub[4]:** What are the main findings? **Q.sub[5]:** What does the study tell us about employers? **Q.sub[6]:** What did *you* find most interesting and/or depressing? --- # Housekeeping **Assigned reading for Wednesday:** [Ban the Box, Criminal Records, and Racial Discrimination: A Field Experiment](https://academic.oup.com/qje/article-abstract/133/1/191/4060073) by Amanda Agan and Sonja Starr (2017). - **Reading Quiz 10** is due by **Monday, March 7th at 12pm (noon)**. - The quiz instructions will include a reading guide.