Static outliers for Upwell Health Centre

There is substantial variation in prescribing behaviours, across various different areas of medicine. Some variation can be explained by demographic changes, or local policies or guidelines, but much of the remaining variation is less easy to explain. At OpenPrescribing we are piloting a number of data-driven approaches to identify unusual prescribing and collect feedback on this prescribing to inform development of new tools to support prescribers and organisations to audit and review prescribing.

This report has been developed to automatically identify prescribing patterns at a chemical level which are furthest away from “typical prescribing” and can be classified as an “outlier”. We calculate the number of prescriptions for each chemical in the BNF coding system using the BNF subparagraph as a denominator, for prescriptions dispensed between April 2021 and August 2021. We then calculate the mean and standard deviation for each numerator and denominator pair across all practices/CCGs/PCNs/STPs. From this we can calculate the “z-score”, which is a measure of how many standard deviations a given practice/CCG/PCN/STP is from the population mean. We then rank your “z-scores” to find the top 5 results where prescribing is an outlier for prescribing higher than its peers and those where it is an outlier for prescribing lower than its peers.

It is important to remember that this information was generated automatically and it is therefore likely that some of the behaviour is warranted. This report seeks only to collect information about where this variation may be warranted and where it might not. Our full analytical method code is openly available on GitHub here.

The DataLab is keen to hear your feedback on the results. You can do this by completing the following survey or emailing us at ebmdatalab@phc.ox.ac.uk. Please DO NOT INCLUDE IDENTIFIABLE PATIENT information in your feedback. All feedback is helpful, you can send short or detailed feedback.

Prescribing where Upwell Health Centre is higher than most

BNF Chemical Chemical Items BNF Subparagraph Subparagraph Items Ratio Mean std Z_Score Plots
Atropine sulfate 3 Antimuscarinic drugs 8 0.38 0.00 0.04 8.29
Darifenacin hydrobromide 293 Drugs for urinary frequency enuresis and incontinence 988 0.30 0.01 0.04 7.76
Cefixime 6 Cephalosporins 103 0.06 0.00 0.01 5.82
Nedocromil sodium 1 Other anti-inflammatory preparations 144 0.01 0.00 0.00 4.60
Benzylpenicillin sodium (Penicillin G) 1 Benzylpenicillin and phenoxymethylpenicillin 205 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.40

Prescribing where Upwell Health Centre is lower than most

BNF Chemical Chemical Items BNF Subparagraph Subparagraph Items Ratio Mean std Z_Score Plots
Phenoxymethylpenicillin (Penicillin V) 204 Benzylpenicillin and phenoxymethylpenicillin 205 1.00 1.00 0.00 -4.40
Ispaghula husk 91 Bulk-forming laxatives 119 0.76 0.96 0.07 -2.67
Baclofen 93 Skeletal muscle relaxants 229 0.41 0.83 0.18 -2.28
Solifenacin 80 Drugs for urinary frequency enuresis and incontinence 988 0.08 0.33 0.12 -2.13
Apixaban 356 Oral anticoagulants 3193 0.11 0.40 0.14 -2.03