QTM 350 - Data Science Computing

Lecture 04: More on the Command Line

Danilo Freire

danilo.freire@emory.edu

Department of Quantitative Theory and Methods
Emory University

09 September, 2024

Recap and lecture overview 📚

Brief recap

Why the shell?

Terminals provide a simple interface to operate computers via a shell
Command line interfaces offer speed, power, reproducibility, and portability
Basic command syntax: command option(s) argument(s)
Options (flags) modify command behaviour and start with a dash (-)
man pages provide detailed documentation for commands
cht.sh and tldr offer simplified help for common commands
Key commands: ls (list directory contents), pwd (print working directory), cd (change directory)
Special directory shortcuts: ~ (home), . (current), .. (parent)

Managing your files 🗂

Managing your files

The obvious next step after navigating the file system is managing files
There’s a lot you can do with files, including downloading, unzipping, copying, moving, renaming and deleting
Again, doing this in a GUI is intuitive but usually scales badly
We’ll learn how to do these operations at scale using the shell
Be careful when handling files in the shell though! Don’t expect friendly reminders such as “Do you really want to delete this folder of pictures from your anniversary?” 😅

Create: `mkdir` and `touch`

One of the most common shell tasks is object creation (files, directories, etc.).
We use mkdir to create directories. E.g., to create a new “testing” directory we do:

mkdir testing

If you want to create the parent directories as well, use the -p flag:

mkdir -p testing02/subdir

We use touch to create (empty) files
If the file(s) already exist, touch changes a file’s “Access”, “Modify” and “Change” timestamps to the current time and date
To add some files to our new directory, we do:

touch testing/test1.txt testing/test2.txt testing/test3.txt

Check that it worked:

ls testing

test1.txt
test2.txt
test3.txt

Remove: `rm` and `rmdir`

Let’s delete the objects that we just created
Start with one of the .txt files, by using rm
We could delete all the files at the same time, but you’ll see why I want to keep some

rm testing/test1.txt

The equivalent command for directories is rmdir.

rmdir testing

rm: testing: is a directory

Uh oh… It won’t let us delete the directory while it still has files inside of it. The solution is to use the rm command again with the “recursive” (-r or -R) and “force” (-f) options.
Excluding the -f option is safer, but in some shells it will trigger a confirmation prompt for every file, which I’d rather avoid here.

rm -rf testing ## Success

Copy: `cp`

The syntax for copying is $ cp object path/copyname.

If you don’t provide a new name for the copied object, it will just take the old name.
However, if there is already an object with the same name in the target destination, then you’ll have to use -f to force an overwrite.

## Create new "copies" sub-directory
mkdir ./copies

## Now copy across a file (with a new name)
cp ./04-more-command-line.qmd ./copies/abc.txt

## Show that we were successful
ls ./copies

abc.txt

You can use cp to copy directories, although you’ll need the -r flag if you want to recursively copy over everything inside of it too:

cp -r ./figures ./copies
ls ./copies/figures/

automation.gif
bash.png
bookshelf.gif
evil-laugh.gif
linux-bash.png
nano.png
next.jpg
pipe.gif
time.jpg
time2.jpg

Move (and rename): `mv`

The syntax for moving is $ mv object path/newobjectname
- The newobjectname is optional, but if you don’t provide it, the object will be moved to the new location with the same name

## Move a file to see how it works
mv ./test.txt ./copies/
ls ./copies

abc.txt
figures
test.txt

Again, note that “moving” an object within the same directory, but with specifying newobjectname, is effectively the same as renaming it

 ## Rename test02.txt to test03.txt
mv ./copies/test.txt ./copies/test-b.txt
ls ./copies

abc.txt
figures
test-b.txt

Wildcards

Wildcards are special characters that can be used as a replacement for other characters. The two most important ones are:
Replace any number of characters with *.
- Convenient when you want to copy, move, or delete a whole class of files.

# List all files in the "figures" directory that end with ".png"
ls figures/*.png

figures/bash.png
figures/linux-bash.png
figures/nano.png

Replace a single character with ?
- Convenient when you want to discriminate between similarly named files.

# List all files in the "figures" directory that start with "tim" and end with ".jpg"
ls figures/tim?.jpg

figures/time.jpg

Note that ? can be used multiple times in a single command. And that can give you different results

# List all files in the "figures" directory that start with "time" and end with ".jpg"
ls figures/tim??.jpg

figures/time2.jpg

Find

The last command to mention is find
This can be used to locate files and directories based on a variety of criteria; from pattern matching to object properties
The basic syntax is find path -options
For example, to find all files in the current directory with the extension .qmd, we would do:

# Must use "." to indicate pwd
find . -iname "*.qmd"

./04-more-command-line.qmd

The iname option is case-insensitive, while name is case-sensitive
We can also use -size to find files based on their size
- Use capital K for kilobytes, M for megabytes, and G for gigabytes

# Find files larger than 200 KB
find . -size +200k | sort # Sort the output

./04-more-command-line.html
./copies/figures/automation.gif
./copies/figures/bookshelf.gif
./copies/figures/evil-laugh.gif
./copies/figures/nano.png
./copies/figures/pipe.gif
./figures/automation.gif
./figures/bookshelf.gif
./figures/evil-laugh.gif
./figures/nano.png
./figures/pipe.gif

To search for directories, you can use the -type option:

# Find all directories in the parent directory
find ../ -type d | sort # Sort the output

../
..//lecture-01
..//lecture-01/_extensions
..//lecture-01/_extensions/grantmcdermott
..//lecture-01/_extensions/grantmcdermott/clean
..//lecture-01/figures
..//lecture-02
..//lecture-02/_extensions
..//lecture-02/_extensions/grantmcdermott
..//lecture-02/_extensions/grantmcdermott/clean
..//lecture-02/figures
..//lecture-03
..//lecture-03/_extensions
..//lecture-03/_extensions/danilofreire
..//lecture-03/_extensions/danilofreire/clean
..//lecture-03/figures
..//lecture-04
..//lecture-04/_extensions
..//lecture-04/_extensions/danilofreire
..//lecture-04/_extensions/danilofreire/clean
..//lecture-04/copies
..//lecture-04/copies/figures
..//lecture-04/figures
..//lecture-04/meals
..//lecture-04/testing
..//lecture-05
..//lecture-05/_extensions
..//lecture-05/_extensions/grantmcdermott
..//lecture-05/_extensions/grantmcdermott/clean
..//lecture-05/figures
..//lecture-06
..//lecture-06/_extensions
..//lecture-06/_extensions/grantmcdermott
..//lecture-06/_extensions/grantmcdermott/clean
..//lecture-06/figures

File management exercise 📂

File management exercise

I will show you some time-saving tips after the exercise

Imagine that you are a data analyst working in a new project. The project should have the following structure:

project/
│
├── scripts/
│   ├── preprocessing.py
│   ├── analysis.py
│   └── visualization.py
│
├── data/
│   ├── raw_data.csv
│   └── processed_data.csv
│
└── docs/
    ├── readme.txt
    └── notes.txt

Now do the following:
Create the folders and files as described
Rename “raw_data.csv” to “input_data.csv”
Copy all Python files in the “scripts” directory and to a new directory called “backup” inside the “project” directory
Remove the “notes.txt” file from the “docs” directory
List all folders in the “project” directory in long and human-readable format
Remove all folders Appendix 01

How to use `{}` to create multiple files or directories

The {} operator is a powerful tool that allows you to create multiple files or directories at once
For example, to create three files in a directory, you can do:
- touch file{1..3}.txt
To create three directories with different names, you can do:
- mkdir dir{a,b,c}
You can use this operator in combination with other commands, such as cp, mv, and rm
- cp file{1..3}.txt dir{a,b,c}

For example:

mkdir -p project/{scripts,data,docs}
touch project/scripts/{processing,analysis,visualisation}.py
touch project/data/data{1..5}.csv
touch project/docs/{readme.md,notes.txt}
ls project/data

data1.csv
data2.csv
data3.csv
data4.csv
data5.csv

ls project/scripts

analysis.py
processing.py
visualisation.py

ls project/docs

notes.txt
readme.md

Other tips: `&&`, `||` and `tree`

The && operator allows you to run multiple commands in sequence, but only if the previous command was successful
The || operator allows you to run multiple commands in sequence, but only if the previous command failed
For example, to create a directory and then list its contents, you can do:
- mkdir test && ls test
If the directory already exists, you can do:
- mkdir test || ls test

The tree command is a useful tool for visualising the directory structure of a project
You can install in on MacOS with brew install tree and on Linux with sudo apt-get install tree
- More information here

mkdir -p book/{code,data,text}/chapter-{1..3} && tree book

book
├── code
│   ├── chapter-1
│   ├── chapter-2
│   └── chapter-3
├── data
│   ├── chapter-1
│   ├── chapter-2
│   └── chapter-3
└── text
    ├── chapter-1
    ├── chapter-2
    └── chapter-3

13 directories, 0 files

Working with text files 📄

Working with text files

Data scientists spend a lot of time working with text, including scripts, Markdown documents, and delimited text files like CSVs
You will have the opportunity to learn more on the statistical analysis of text using NLP technique over the course of your studies
While Python and R are strong environments for text wrangling and analysis, it still makes sense to spend a few slides showing off some Bash shell capabilities for working with text files
We’ll only scratch the surface, but hopefully you’ll get an idea of how powerful the shell is in the text domain

Counting text: `wc`

You can use the wc command to count:
- The lines of text
- The number of words
- The number of characters
Let’s demonstrate with a text file containing all of Shakespeare’s Sonnets. Source.

wc sonnets.txt

    3029   20701  119751 sonnets.txt

The character count is actually higher than we’d get if we count by hand, because wc counts the invisible newline character \n.

Note

Download the sonnet.txt file at https://github.com/danilofreire/qtm350/blob/main/lectures/lecture-04/sonnets.txt. Click on “Download raw file”.

Read text: `cat`

The simplest way to read in text is with the cat (“concatenate”) command. Note that cat will read in all of the text. You can scroll back up in your shell window, but this can still be a pain.
Again, let’s demonstrate using Shakespeare’s Sonnets. (This will overflow the slide.)
We use the -n flag to show line numbers:

cat -n sonnets.txt

     1  The Project Gutenberg EBook of Shakespeare's Sonnets, by William Shakespeare
     2  
     3  This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
     4  almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
     5  re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
     6  with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
     7  
     8  
     9  Title: Shakespeare's Sonnets
    10  
    11  Author: William Shakespeare
    12  
    13  Posting Date: April 7, 2014 [EBook #1041]
    14  Release Date: September, 1997
    15  Last Updated: March 10, 2010
    16  
    17  Language: English
    18  
    19  
    20  *** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SHAKESPEARE'S SONNETS ***
    21  
    22  
    23  
    24  
    25  Produced by Joseph S. Miller and Embry-Riddle Aeronautical
    26  University Library. HTML version by Al Haines.
    27  
    28  
    29  
    30  
    31  
    32  
    33  
    34  
    35  
    36  
    37  THE SONNETS
    38  
    39  by William Shakespeare
    40  
    41  
    42  
    43  
    44    I
    45  
    46    From fairest creatures we desire increase,
    47    That thereby beauty's rose might never die,
    48    But as the riper should by time decease,
    49    His tender heir might bear his memory:
    50    But thou, contracted to thine own bright eyes,
    51    Feed'st thy light's flame with self-substantial fuel,
    52    Making a famine where abundance lies,
    53    Thy self thy foe, to thy sweet self too cruel:
    54    Thou that art now the world's fresh ornament,
    55    And only herald to the gaudy spring,
    56    Within thine own bud buriest thy content,
    57    And tender churl mak'st waste in niggarding:
    58      Pity the world, or else this glutton be,
    59      To eat the world's due, by the grave and thee.
    60  
    61    II
    62  
    63    When forty winters shall besiege thy brow,
    64    And dig deep trenches in thy beauty's field,
    65    Thy youth's proud livery so gazed on now,
    66    Will be a tatter'd weed of small worth held:
    67    Then being asked, where all thy beauty lies,
    68    Where all the treasure of thy lusty days;
    69    To say, within thine own deep sunken eyes,
    70    Were an all-eating shame, and thriftless praise.
    71    How much more praise deserv'd thy beauty's use,
    72    If thou couldst answer 'This fair child of mine
    73    Shall sum my count, and make my old excuse,'
    74    Proving his beauty by succession thine!
    75      This were to be new made when thou art old,
    76      And see thy blood warm when thou feel'st it cold.
    77  
    78    III
    79  
    80    Look in thy glass and tell the face thou viewest
    81    Now is the time that face should form another;
    82    Whose fresh repair if now thou not renewest,
    83    Thou dost beguile the world, unbless some mother.
    84    For where is she so fair whose unear'd womb
    85    Disdains the tillage of thy husbandry?
    86    Or who is he so fond will be the tomb,
    87    Of his self-love to stop posterity?
    88    Thou art thy mother's glass and she in thee
    89    Calls back the lovely April of her prime;
    90    So thou through windows of thine age shalt see,
    91    Despite of wrinkles this thy golden time.
    92      But if thou live, remember'd not to be,
    93      Die single and thine image dies with thee.
    94  
    95    IV
    96  
    97    Unthrifty loveliness, why dost thou spend
    98    Upon thy self thy beauty's legacy?
    99    Nature's bequest gives nothing, but doth lend,
   100    And being frank she lends to those are free:
   101    Then, beauteous niggard, why dost thou abuse
   102    The bounteous largess given thee to give?
   103    Profitless usurer, why dost thou use
   104    So great a sum of sums, yet canst not live?
   105    For having traffic with thy self alone,
   106    Thou of thy self thy sweet self dost deceive:
   107    Then how when nature calls thee to be gone,
   108    What acceptable audit canst thou leave?
   109      Thy unused beauty must be tombed with thee,
   110      Which, used, lives th' executor to be.
   111  
   112    V
   113  
   114    Those hours, that with gentle work did frame
   115    The lovely gaze where every eye doth dwell,
   116    Will play the tyrants to the very same
   117    And that unfair which fairly doth excel;
   118    For never-resting time leads summer on
   119    To hideous winter, and confounds him there;
   120    Sap checked with frost, and lusty leaves quite gone,
   121    Beauty o'er-snowed and bareness every where:
   122    Then were not summer's distillation left,
   123    A liquid prisoner pent in walls of glass,
   124    Beauty's effect with beauty were bereft,
   125    Nor it, nor no remembrance what it was:
   126      But flowers distill'd, though they with winter meet,
   127      Leese but their show; their substance still lives sweet.
   128  
   129  
   130    VI
   131  
   132    Then let not winter's ragged hand deface,
   133    In thee thy summer, ere thou be distill'd:
   134    Make sweet some vial; treasure thou some place
   135    With beauty's treasure ere it be self-kill'd.
   136    That use is not forbidden usury,
   137    Which happies those that pay the willing loan;
   138    That's for thy self to breed another thee,
   139    Or ten times happier, be it ten for one;
   140    Ten times thy self were happier than thou art,
   141    If ten of thine ten times refigur'd thee:
   142    Then what could death do if thou shouldst depart,
   143    Leaving thee living in posterity?
   144      Be not self-will'd, for thou art much too fair
   145      To be death's conquest and make worms thine heir.
   146  
   147    VII
   148  
   149    Lo! in the orient when the gracious light
   150    Lifts up his burning head, each under eye
   151    Doth homage to his new-appearing sight,
   152    Serving with looks his sacred majesty;
   153    And having climb'd the steep-up heavenly hill,
   154    Resembling strong youth in his middle age,
   155    Yet mortal looks adore his beauty still,
   156    Attending on his golden pilgrimage:
   157    But when from highmost pitch, with weary car,
   158    Like feeble age, he reeleth from the day,
   159    The eyes, 'fore duteous, now converted are
   160    From his low tract, and look another way:
   161      So thou, thyself outgoing in thy noon:
   162      Unlook'd, on diest unless thou get a son.
   163  
   164    VIII
   165  
   166    Music to hear, why hear'st thou music sadly?
   167    Sweets with sweets war not, joy delights in joy:
   168    Why lov'st thou that which thou receiv'st not gladly,
   169    Or else receiv'st with pleasure thine annoy?
   170    If the true concord of well-tuned sounds,
   171    By unions married, do offend thine ear,
   172    They do but sweetly chide thee, who confounds
   173    In singleness the parts that thou shouldst bear.
   174    Mark how one string, sweet husband to another,
   175    Strikes each in each by mutual ordering;
   176    Resembling sire and child and happy mother,
   177    Who, all in one, one pleasing note do sing:
   178      Whose speechless song being many, seeming one,
   179      Sings this to thee: 'Thou single wilt prove none.'
   180  
   181    IX
   182  
   183    Is it for fear to wet a widow's eye,
   184    That thou consum'st thy self in single life?
   185    Ah! if thou issueless shalt hap to die,
   186    The world will wail thee like a makeless wife;
   187    The world will be thy widow and still weep
   188    That thou no form of thee hast left behind,
   189    When every private widow well may keep
   190    By children's eyes, her husband's shape in mind:
   191    Look! what an unthrift in the world doth spend
   192    Shifts but his place, for still the world enjoys it;
   193    But beauty's waste hath in the world an end,
   194    And kept unused the user so destroys it.
   195      No love toward others in that bosom sits
   196      That on himself such murd'rous shame commits.
   197  
   198    X
   199  
   200    For shame! deny that thou bear'st love to any,
   201    Who for thy self art so unprovident.
   202    Grant, if thou wilt, thou art belov'd of many,
   203    But that thou none lov'st is most evident:
   204    For thou art so possess'd with murderous hate,
   205    That 'gainst thy self thou stick'st not to conspire,
   206    Seeking that beauteous roof to ruinate
   207    Which to repair should be thy chief desire.
   208    O! change thy thought, that I may change my mind:
   209    Shall hate be fairer lodg'd than gentle love?
   210    Be, as thy presence is, gracious and kind,
   211    Or to thyself at least kind-hearted prove:
   212      Make thee another self for love of me,
   213      That beauty still may live in thine or thee.
   214  
   215    XI
   216  
   217    As fast as thou shalt wane, so fast thou grow'st,
   218    In one of thine, from that which thou departest;
   219    And that fresh blood which youngly thou bestow'st,
   220    Thou mayst call thine when thou from youth convertest,
   221    Herein lives wisdom, beauty, and increase;
   222    Without this folly, age, and cold decay:
   223    If all were minded so, the times should cease
   224    And threescore year would make the world away.
   225    Let those whom nature hath not made for store,
   226    Harsh, featureless, and rude, barrenly perish:
   227    Look, whom she best endow'd, she gave thee more;
   228    Which bounteous gift thou shouldst in bounty cherish:
   229      She carv'd thee for her seal, and meant thereby,
   230      Thou shouldst print more, not let that copy die.
   231  
   232    XII
   233  
   234    When I do count the clock that tells the time,
   235    And see the brave day sunk in hideous night;
   236    When I behold the violet past prime,
   237    And sable curls, all silvered o'er with white;
   238    When lofty trees I see barren of leaves,
   239    Which erst from heat did canopy the herd,
   240    And summer's green all girded up in sheaves,
   241    Borne on the bier with white and bristly beard,
   242    Then of thy beauty do I question make,
   243    That thou among the wastes of time must go,
   244    Since sweets and beauties do themselves forsake
   245    And die as fast as they see others grow;
   246      And nothing 'gainst Time's scythe can make defence
   247      Save breed, to brave him when he takes thee hence.
   248  
   249    XIII
   250  
   251    O! that you were your self; but, love you are
   252    No longer yours, than you your self here live:
   253    Against this coming end you should prepare,
   254    And your sweet semblance to some other give:
   255    So should that beauty which you hold in lease
   256    Find no determination; then you were
   257    Yourself again, after yourself's decease,
   258    When your sweet issue your sweet form should bear.
   259    Who lets so fair a house fall to decay,
   260    Which husbandry in honour might uphold,
   261    Against the stormy gusts of winter's day
   262    And barren rage of death's eternal cold?
   263      O! none but unthrifts. Dear my love, you know,
   264      You had a father: let your son say so.
   265  
   266    XIV
   267  
   268    Not from the stars do I my judgement pluck;
   269    And yet methinks I have astronomy,
   270    But not to tell of good or evil luck,
   271    Of plagues, of dearths, or seasons' quality;
   272    Nor can I fortune to brief minutes tell,
   273    Pointing to each his thunder, rain and wind,
   274    Or say with princes if it shall go well
   275    By oft predict that I in heaven find:
   276    But from thine eyes my knowledge I derive,
   277    And constant stars in them I read such art
   278    As 'Truth and beauty shall together thrive,
   279    If from thyself, to store thou wouldst convert';
   280      Or else of thee this I prognosticate:
   281      'Thy end is truth's and beauty's doom and date.'
   282  
   283    XV
   284  
   285    When I consider every thing that grows
   286    Holds in perfection but a little moment,
   287    That this huge stage presenteth nought but shows
   288    Whereon the stars in secret influence comment;
   289    When I perceive that men as plants increase,
   290    Cheered and checked even by the self-same sky,
   291    Vaunt in their youthful sap, at height decrease,
   292    And wear their brave state out of memory;
   293    Then the conceit of this inconstant stay
   294    Sets you most rich in youth before my sight,
   295    Where wasteful Time debateth with decay
   296    To change your day of youth to sullied night,
   297      And all in war with Time for love of you,
   298      As he takes from you, I engraft you new.
   299  
   300    XVI
   301  
   302    But wherefore do not you a mightier way
   303    Make war upon this bloody tyrant, Time?
   304    And fortify your self in your decay
   305    With means more blessed than my barren rhyme?
   306    Now stand you on the top of happy hours,
   307    And many maiden gardens, yet unset,
   308    With virtuous wish would bear you living flowers,
   309    Much liker than your painted counterfeit:
   310    So should the lines of life that life repair,
   311    Which this, Time's pencil, or my pupil pen,
   312    Neither in inward worth nor outward fair,
   313    Can make you live your self in eyes of men.
   314      To give away yourself, keeps yourself still,
   315      And you must live, drawn by your own sweet skill.
   316  
   317    XVII
   318  
   319    Who will believe my verse in time to come,
   320    If it were fill'd with your most high deserts?
   321    Though yet heaven knows it is but as a tomb
   322    Which hides your life, and shows not half your parts.
   323    If I could write the beauty of your eyes,
   324    And in fresh numbers number all your graces,
   325    The age to come would say 'This poet lies;
   326    Such heavenly touches ne'er touch'd earthly faces.'
   327    So should my papers, yellow'd with their age,
   328    Be scorn'd, like old men of less truth than tongue,
   329    And your true rights be term'd a poet's rage
   330    And stretched metre of an antique song:
   331      But were some child of yours alive that time,
   332      You should live twice,--in it, and in my rhyme.
   333  
   334    XVIII
   335  
   336    Shall I compare thee to a summer's day?
   337    Thou art more lovely and more temperate:
   338    Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,
   339    And summer's lease hath all too short a date:
   340    Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,
   341    And often is his gold complexion dimm'd,
   342    And every fair from fair sometime declines,
   343    By chance, or nature's changing course untrimm'd:
   344    But thy eternal summer shall not fade,
   345    Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow'st,
   346    Nor shall death brag thou wander'st in his shade,
   347    When in eternal lines to time thou grow'st,
   348      So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see,
   349      So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.
   350  
   351    XIX
   352  
   353    Devouring Time, blunt thou the lion's paws,
   354    And make the earth devour her own sweet brood;
   355    Pluck the keen teeth from the fierce tiger's jaws,
   356    And burn the long-liv'd phoenix, in her blood;
   357    Make glad and sorry seasons as thou fleets,
   358    And do whate'er thou wilt, swift-footed Time,
   359    To the wide world and all her fading sweets;
   360    But I forbid thee one most heinous crime:
   361    O! carve not with thy hours my love's fair brow,
   362    Nor draw no lines there with thine antique pen;
   363    Him in thy course untainted do allow
   364    For beauty's pattern to succeeding men.
   365      Yet, do thy worst old Time: despite thy wrong,
   366      My love shall in my verse ever live young.
   367  
   368    XX
   369  
   370    A woman's face with nature's own hand painted,
   371    Hast thou, the master mistress of my passion;
   372    A woman's gentle heart, but not acquainted
   373    With shifting change, as is false women's fashion:
   374    An eye more bright than theirs, less false in rolling,
   375    Gilding the object whereupon it gazeth;
   376    A man in hue all 'hues' in his controlling,
   377    Which steals men's eyes and women's souls amazeth.
   378    And for a woman wert thou first created;
   379    Till Nature, as she wrought thee, fell a-doting,
   380    And by addition me of thee defeated,
   381    By adding one thing to my purpose nothing.
   382      But since she prick'd thee out for women's pleasure,
   383      Mine be thy love and thy love's use their treasure.
   384  
   385    XXI
   386  
   387    So is it not with me as with that Muse,
   388    Stirr'd by a painted beauty to his verse,
   389    Who heaven itself for ornament doth use
   390    And every fair with his fair doth rehearse,
   391    Making a couplement of proud compare.
   392    With sun and moon, with earth and sea's rich gems,
   393    With April's first-born flowers, and all things rare,
   394    That heaven's air in this huge rondure hems.
   395    O! let me, true in love, but truly write,
   396    And then believe me, my love is as fair
   397    As any mother's child, though not so bright
   398    As those gold candles fix'd in heaven's air:
   399      Let them say more that like of hearsay well;
   400      I will not praise that purpose not to sell.
   401  
   402    XXII
   403  
   404    My glass shall not persuade me I am old,
   405    So long as youth and thou are of one date;
   406    But when in thee time's furrows I behold,
   407    Then look I death my days should expiate.
   408    For all that beauty that doth cover thee,
   409    Is but the seemly raiment of my heart,
   410    Which in thy breast doth live, as thine in me:
   411    How can I then be elder than thou art?
   412    O! therefore love, be of thyself so wary
   413    As I, not for myself, but for thee will;
   414    Bearing thy heart, which I will keep so chary
   415    As tender nurse her babe from faring ill.
   416      Presume not on thy heart when mine is slain,
   417      Thou gav'st me thine not to give back again.
   418  
   419    XXIII
   420  
   421    As an unperfect actor on the stage,
   422    Who with his fear is put beside his part,
   423    Or some fierce thing replete with too much rage,
   424    Whose strength's abundance weakens his own heart;
   425    So I, for fear of trust, forget to say
   426    The perfect ceremony of love's rite,
   427    And in mine own love's strength seem to decay,
   428    O'ercharg'd with burthen of mine own love's might.
   429    O! let my looks be then the eloquence
   430    And dumb presagers of my speaking breast,
   431    Who plead for love, and look for recompense,
   432    More than that tongue that more hath more express'd.
   433      O! learn to read what silent love hath writ:
   434      To hear with eyes belongs to love's fine wit.
   435  
   436    XXIV
   437  
   438    Mine eye hath play'd the painter and hath stell'd,
   439    Thy beauty's form in table of my heart;
   440    My body is the frame wherein 'tis held,
   441    And perspective it is best painter's art.
   442    For through the painter must you see his skill,
   443    To find where your true image pictur'd lies,
   444    Which in my bosom's shop is hanging still,
   445    That hath his windows glazed with thine eyes.
   446    Now see what good turns eyes for eyes have done:
   447    Mine eyes have drawn thy shape, and thine for me
   448    Are windows to my breast, where-through the sun
   449    Delights to peep, to gaze therein on thee;
   450      Yet eyes this cunning want to grace their art,
   451      They draw but what they see, know not the heart.
   452  
   453    XXV
   454  
   455    Let those who are in favour with their stars
   456    Of public honour and proud titles boast,
   457    Whilst I, whom fortune of such triumph bars
   458    Unlook'd for joy in that I honour most.
   459    Great princes' favourites their fair leaves spread
   460    But as the marigold at the sun's eye,
   461    And in themselves their pride lies buried,
   462    For at a frown they in their glory die.
   463    The painful warrior famoused for fight,
   464    After a thousand victories once foil'd,
   465    Is from the book of honour razed quite,
   466    And all the rest forgot for which he toil'd:
   467      Then happy I, that love and am belov'd,
   468      Where I may not remove nor be remov'd.
   469  
   470    XXVI
   471  
   472    Lord of my love, to whom in vassalage
   473    Thy merit hath my duty strongly knit,
   474    To thee I send this written embassage,
   475    To witness duty, not to show my wit:
   476    Duty so great, which wit so poor as mine
   477    May make seem bare, in wanting words to show it,
   478    But that I hope some good conceit of thine
   479    In thy soul's thought, all naked, will bestow it:
   480    Till whatsoever star that guides my moving,
   481    Points on me graciously with fair aspect,
   482    And puts apparel on my tatter'd loving,
   483    To show me worthy of thy sweet respect:
   484      Then may I dare to boast how I do love thee;
   485      Till then, not show my head where thou mayst prove me.
   486  
   487    XXVII
   488  
   489    Weary with toil, I haste me to my bed,
   490    The dear respose for limbs with travel tir'd;
   491    But then begins a journey in my head
   492    To work my mind, when body's work's expired:
   493    For then my thoughts--from far where I abide--
   494    Intend a zealous pilgrimage to thee,
   495    And keep my drooping eyelids open wide,
   496    Looking on darkness which the blind do see:
   497    Save that my soul's imaginary sight
   498    Presents thy shadow to my sightless view,
   499    Which, like a jewel hung in ghastly night,
   500    Makes black night beauteous, and her old face new.
   501      Lo! thus, by day my limbs, by night my mind,
   502      For thee, and for myself, no quiet find.
   503  
   504    XXVIII
   505  
   506    How can I then return in happy plight,
   507    That am debarre'd the benefit of rest?
   508    When day's oppression is not eas'd by night,
   509    But day by night and night by day oppress'd,
   510    And each, though enemies to either's reign,
   511    Do in consent shake hands to torture me,
   512    The one by toil, the other to complain
   513    How far I toil, still farther off from thee.
   514    I tell the day, to please him thou art bright,
   515    And dost him grace when clouds do blot the heaven:
   516    So flatter I the swart-complexion'd night,
   517    When sparkling stars twire not thou gild'st the even.
   518      But day doth daily draw my sorrows longer,
   519      And night doth nightly make grief's length seem stronger.
   520  
   521    XXIX
   522  
   523    When in disgrace with fortune and men's eyes
   524    I all alone beweep my outcast state,
   525    And trouble deaf heaven with my bootless cries,
   526    And look upon myself, and curse my fate,
   527    Wishing me like to one more rich in hope,
   528    Featur'd like him, like him with friends possess'd,
   529    Desiring this man's art, and that man's scope,
   530    With what I most enjoy contented least;
   531    Yet in these thoughts my self almost despising,
   532    Haply I think on thee,-- and then my state,
   533    Like to the lark at break of day arising
   534    From sullen earth, sings hymns at heaven's gate;
   535      For thy sweet love remember'd such wealth brings
   536      That then I scorn to change my state with kings.
   537  
   538    XXX
   539  
   540    When to the sessions of sweet silent thought
   541    I summon up remembrance of things past,
   542    I sigh the lack of many a thing I sought,
   543    And with old woes new wail my dear time's waste:
   544    Then can I drown an eye, unused to flow,
   545    For precious friends hid in death's dateless night,
   546    And weep afresh love's long since cancell'd woe,
   547    And moan the expense of many a vanish'd sight:
   548    Then can I grieve at grievances foregone,
   549    And heavily from woe to woe tell o'er
   550    The sad account of fore-bemoaned moan,
   551    Which I new pay as if not paid before.
   552      But if the while I think on thee, dear friend,
   553      All losses are restor'd and sorrows end.
   554  
   555    XXXI
   556  
   557    Thy bosom is endeared with all hearts,
   558    Which I by lacking have supposed dead;
   559    And there reigns Love, and all Love's loving parts,
   560    And all those friends which I thought buried.
   561    How many a holy and obsequious tear
   562    Hath dear religious love stol'n from mine eye,
   563    As interest of the dead, which now appear
   564    But things remov'd that hidden in thee lie!
   565    Thou art the grave where buried love doth live,
   566    Hung with the trophies of my lovers gone,
   567    Who all their parts of me to thee did give,
   568    That due of many now is thine alone:
   569      Their images I lov'd, I view in thee,
   570      And thou--all they--hast all the all of me.
   571  
   572    XXXII
   573  
   574    If thou survive my well-contented day,
   575    When that churl Death my bones with dust shall cover
   576    And shalt by fortune once more re-survey
   577    These poor rude lines of thy deceased lover,
   578    Compare them with the bett'ring of the time,
   579    And though they be outstripp'd by every pen,
   580    Reserve them for my love, not for their rhyme,
   581    Exceeded by the height of happier men.
   582    O! then vouchsafe me but this loving thought:
   583    'Had my friend's Muse grown with this growing age,
   584    A dearer birth than this his love had brought,
   585    To march in ranks of better equipage:
   586      But since he died and poets better prove,
   587      Theirs for their style I'll read, his for his love'.
   588  
   589    XXXIII
   590  
   591    Full many a glorious morning have I seen
   592    Flatter the mountain tops with sovereign eye,
   593    Kissing with golden face the meadows green,
   594    Gilding pale streams with heavenly alchemy;
   595    Anon permit the basest clouds to ride
   596    With ugly rack on his celestial face,
   597    And from the forlorn world his visage hide,
   598    Stealing unseen to west with this disgrace:
   599    Even so my sun one early morn did shine,
   600    With all triumphant splendour on my brow;
   601    But out! alack! he was but one hour mine,
   602    The region cloud hath mask'd him from me now.
   603      Yet him for this my love no whit disdaineth;
   604      Suns of the world may stain when heaven's sun staineth.
   605  
   606    XXXIV
   607  
   608    Why didst thou promise such a beauteous day,
   609    And make me travel forth without my cloak,
   610    To let base clouds o'ertake me in my way,
   611    Hiding thy bravery in their rotten smoke?
   612    'Tis not enough that through the cloud thou break,
   613    To dry the rain on my storm-beaten face,
   614    For no man well of such a salve can speak,
   615    That heals the wound, and cures not the disgrace:
   616    Nor can thy shame give physic to my grief;
   617    Though thou repent, yet I have still the loss:
   618    The offender's sorrow lends but weak relief
   619    To him that bears the strong offence's cross.
   620      Ah! but those tears are pearl which thy love sheds,
   621      And they are rich and ransom all ill deeds.
   622  
   623    XXXV
   624  
   625    No more be griev'd at that which thou hast done:
   626    Roses have thorns, and silver fountains mud:
   627    Clouds and eclipses stain both moon and sun,
   628    And loathsome canker lives in sweetest bud.
   629    All men make faults, and even I in this,
   630    Authorizing thy trespass with compare,
   631    Myself corrupting, salving thy amiss,
   632    Excusing thy sins more than thy sins are;
   633    For to thy sensual fault I bring in sense,--
   634    Thy adverse party is thy advocate,--
   635    And 'gainst myself a lawful plea commence:
   636    Such civil war is in my love and hate,
   637      That I an accessary needs must be,
   638      To that sweet thief which sourly robs from me.
   639  
   640    XXXVI
   641  
   642    Let me confess that we two must be twain,
   643    Although our undivided loves are one:
   644    So shall those blots that do with me remain,
   645    Without thy help, by me be borne alone.
   646    In our two loves there is but one respect,
   647    Though in our lives a separable spite,
   648    Which though it alter not love's sole effect,
   649    Yet doth it steal sweet hours from love's delight.
   650    I may not evermore acknowledge thee,
   651    Lest my bewailed guilt should do thee shame,
   652    Nor thou with public kindness honour me,
   653    Unless thou take that honour from thy name:
   654      But do not so, I love thee in such sort,
   655      As thou being mine, mine is thy good report.
   656  
   657    XXXVII
   658  
   659    As a decrepit father takes delight
   660    To see his active child do deeds of youth,
   661    So I, made lame by Fortune's dearest spite,
   662    Take all my comfort of thy worth and truth;
   663    For whether beauty, birth, or wealth, or wit,
   664    Or any of these all, or all, or more,
   665    Entitled in thy parts, do crowned sit,
   666    I make my love engrafted, to this store:
   667    So then I am not lame, poor, nor despis'd,
   668    Whilst that this shadow doth such substance give
   669    That I in thy abundance am suffic'd,
   670    And by a part of all thy glory live.
   671      Look what is best, that best I wish in thee:
   672      This wish I have; then ten times happy me!
   673  
   674    XXXVIII
   675  
   676    How can my muse want subject to invent,
   677    While thou dost breathe, that pour'st into my verse
   678    Thine own sweet argument, too excellent
   679    For every vulgar paper to rehearse?
   680    O! give thy self the thanks, if aught in me
   681    Worthy perusal stand against thy sight;
   682    For who's so dumb that cannot write to thee,
   683    When thou thy self dost give invention light?
   684    Be thou the tenth Muse, ten times more in worth
   685    Than those old nine which rhymers invocate;
   686    And he that calls on thee, let him bring forth
   687    Eternal numbers to outlive long date.
   688      If my slight muse do please these curious days,
   689      The pain be mine, but thine shall be the praise.
   690  
   691    XXXIX
   692  
   693    O! how thy worth with manners may I sing,
   694    When thou art all the better part of me?
   695    What can mine own praise to mine own self bring?
   696    And what is't but mine own when I praise thee?
   697    Even for this, let us divided live,
   698    And our dear love lose name of single one,
   699    That by this separation I may give
   700    That due to thee which thou deserv'st alone.
   701    O absence! what a torment wouldst thou prove,
   702    Were it not thy sour leisure gave sweet leave,
   703    To entertain the time with thoughts of love,
   704    Which time and thoughts so sweetly doth deceive,
   705      And that thou teachest how to make one twain,
   706      By praising him here who doth hence remain.
   707  
   708    XL
   709  
   710    Take all my loves, my love, yea take them all;
   711    What hast thou then more than thou hadst before?
   712    No love, my love, that thou mayst true love call;
   713    All mine was thine, before thou hadst this more.
   714    Then, if for my love, thou my love receivest,
   715    I cannot blame thee, for my love thou usest;
   716    But yet be blam'd, if thou thy self deceivest
   717    By wilful taste of what thyself refusest.
   718    I do forgive thy robbery, gentle thief,
   719    Although thou steal thee all my poverty:
   720    And yet, love knows it is a greater grief
   721    To bear love's wrong, than hate's known injury.
   722      Lascivious grace, in whom all ill well shows,
   723      Kill me with spites yet we must not be foes.
   724  
   725    XLI
   726  
   727    Those pretty wrongs that liberty commits,
   728    When I am sometime absent from thy heart,
   729    Thy beauty, and thy years full well befits,
   730    For still temptation follows where thou art.
   731    Gentle thou art, and therefore to be won,
   732    Beauteous thou art, therefore to be assail'd;
   733    And when a woman woos, what woman's son
   734    Will sourly leave her till he have prevail'd?
   735    Ay me! but yet thou mightst my seat forbear,
   736    And chide thy beauty and thy straying youth,
   737    Who lead thee in their riot even there
   738    Where thou art forced to break a twofold truth:--
   739      Hers by thy beauty tempting her to thee,
   740      Thine by thy beauty being false to me.
   741  
   742    XLII
   743  
   744    That thou hast her it is not all my grief,
   745    And yet it may be said I loved her dearly;
   746    That she hath thee is of my wailing chief,
   747    A loss in love that touches me more nearly.
   748    Loving offenders thus I will excuse ye:
   749    Thou dost love her, because thou know'st I love her;
   750    And for my sake even so doth she abuse me,
   751    Suffering my friend for my sake to approve her.
   752    If I lose thee, my loss is my love's gain,
   753    And losing her, my friend hath found that loss;
   754    Both find each other, and I lose both twain,
   755    And both for my sake lay on me this cross:
   756      But here's the joy; my friend and I are one;
   757      Sweet flattery! then she loves but me alone.
   758  
   759    XLIII
   760  
   761    When most I wink, then do mine eyes best see,
   762    For all the day they view things unrespected;
   763    But when I sleep, in dreams they look on thee,
   764    And darkly bright, are bright in dark directed.
   765    Then thou, whose shadow shadows doth make bright,
   766    How would thy shadow's form form happy show
   767    To the clear day with thy much clearer light,
   768    When to unseeing eyes thy shade shines so!
   769    How would, I say, mine eyes be blessed made
   770    By looking on thee in the living day,
   771    When in dead night thy fair imperfect shade
   772    Through heavy sleep on sightless eyes doth stay!
   773      All days are nights to see till I see thee,
   774      And nights bright days when dreams do show thee me.
   775  
   776    XLIV
   777  
   778    If the dull substance of my flesh were thought,
   779    Injurious distance should not stop my way;
   780    For then despite of space I would be brought,
   781    From limits far remote, where thou dost stay.
   782    No matter then although my foot did stand
   783    Upon the farthest earth remov'd from thee;
   784    For nimble thought can jump both sea and land,
   785    As soon as think the place where he would be.
   786    But, ah! thought kills me that I am not thought,
   787    To leap large lengths of miles when thou art gone,
   788    But that so much of earth and water wrought,
   789    I must attend time's leisure with my moan;
   790      Receiving nought by elements so slow
   791      But heavy tears, badges of either's woe.
   792  
   793    XLV
   794  
   795    The other two, slight air, and purging fire
   796    Are both with thee, wherever I abide;
   797    The first my thought, the other my desire,
   798    These present-absent with swift motion slide.
   799    For when these quicker elements are gone
   800    In tender embassy of love to thee,
   801    My life, being made of four, with two alone
   802    Sinks down to death, oppress'd with melancholy;
   803    Until life's composition be recur'd
   804    By those swift messengers return'd from thee,
   805    Who even but now come back again, assur'd,
   806    Of thy fair health, recounting it to me:
   807      This told, I joy; but then no longer glad,
   808      I send them back again, and straight grow sad.
   809  
   810    XLVI
   811  
   812    Mine eye and heart are at a mortal war,
   813    How to divide the conquest of thy sight;
   814    Mine eye my heart thy picture's sight would bar,
   815    My heart mine eye the freedom of that right.
   816    My heart doth plead that thou in him dost lie,--
   817    A closet never pierc'd with crystal eyes--
   818    But the defendant doth that plea deny,
   819    And says in him thy fair appearance lies.
   820    To side this title is impannelled
   821    A quest of thoughts, all tenants to the heart;
   822    And by their verdict is determined
   823    The clear eye's moiety, and the dear heart's part:
   824      As thus; mine eye's due is thy outward part,
   825      And my heart's right, thy inward love of heart.
   826  
   827    XLVII
   828  
   829    Betwixt mine eye and heart a league is took,
   830    And each doth good turns now unto the other:
   831    When that mine eye is famish'd for a look,
   832    Or heart in love with sighs himself doth smother,
   833    With my love's picture then my eye doth feast,
   834    And to the painted banquet bids my heart;
   835    Another time mine eye is my heart's guest,
   836    And in his thoughts of love doth share a part:
   837    So, either by thy picture or my love,
   838    Thy self away, art present still with me;
   839    For thou not farther than my thoughts canst move,
   840    And I am still with them, and they with thee;
   841      Or, if they sleep, thy picture in my sight
   842      Awakes my heart, to heart's and eye's delight.
   843  
   844    XLVIII
   845  
   846    How careful was I when I took my way,
   847    Each trifle under truest bars to thrust,
   848    That to my use it might unused stay
   849    From hands of falsehood, in sure wards of trust!
   850    But thou, to whom my jewels trifles are,
   851    Most worthy comfort, now my greatest grief,
   852    Thou best of dearest, and mine only care,
   853    Art left the prey of every vulgar thief.
   854    Thee have I not lock'd up in any chest,
   855    Save where thou art not, though I feel thou art,
   856    Within the gentle closure of my breast,
   857    From whence at pleasure thou mayst come and part;
   858      And even thence thou wilt be stol'n I fear,
   859      For truth proves thievish for a prize so dear.
   860  
   861    XLIX
   862  
   863    Against that time, if ever that time come,
   864    When I shall see thee frown on my defects,
   865    When as thy love hath cast his utmost sum,
   866    Call'd to that audit by advis'd respects;
   867    Against that time when thou shalt strangely pass,
   868    And scarcely greet me with that sun, thine eye,
   869    When love, converted from the thing it was,
   870    Shall reasons find of settled gravity;
   871    Against that time do I ensconce me here,
   872    Within the knowledge of mine own desert,
   873    And this my hand, against my self uprear,
   874    To guard the lawful reasons on thy part:
   875      To leave poor me thou hast the strength of laws,
   876      Since why to love I can allege no cause.
   877  
   878    L
   879  
   880    How heavy do I journey on the way,
   881    When what I seek, my weary travel's end,
   882    Doth teach that ease and that repose to say,
   883    'Thus far the miles are measured from thy friend!'
   884    The beast that bears me, tired with my woe,
   885    Plods dully on, to bear that weight in me,
   886    As if by some instinct the wretch did know
   887    His rider lov'd not speed, being made from thee:
   888    The bloody spur cannot provoke him on,
   889    That sometimes anger thrusts into his hide,
   890    Which heavily he answers with a groan,
   891    More sharp to me than spurring to his side;
   892      For that same groan doth put this in my mind,
   893      My grief lies onward, and my joy behind.
   894  
   895    LI
   896  
   897    Thus can my love excuse the slow offence
   898    Of my dull bearer when from thee I speed:
   899    From where thou art why should I haste me thence?
   900    Till I return, of posting is no need.
   901    O! what excuse will my poor beast then find,
   902    When swift extremity can seem but slow?
   903    Then should I spur, though mounted on the wind,
   904    In winged speed no motion shall I know,
   905    Then can no horse with my desire keep pace;
   906    Therefore desire, of perfect'st love being made,
   907    Shall neigh--no dull flesh--in his fiery race;
   908    But love, for love, thus shall excuse my jade,--
   909      'Since from thee going, he went wilful-slow,
   910      Towards thee I'll run, and give him leave to go.'
   911  
   912    LII
   913  
   914    So am I as the rich, whose blessed key,
   915    Can bring him to his sweet up-locked treasure,
   916    The which he will not every hour survey,
   917    For blunting the fine point of seldom pleasure.
   918    Therefore are feasts so solemn and so rare,
   919    Since, seldom coming in that long year set,
   920    Like stones of worth they thinly placed are,
   921    Or captain jewels in the carcanet.
   922    So is the time that keeps you as my chest,
   923    Or as the wardrobe which the robe doth hide,
   924    To make some special instant special-blest,
   925    By new unfolding his imprison'd pride.
   926      Blessed are you whose worthiness gives scope,
   927      Being had, to triumph; being lacked, to hope.
   928  
   929    LIII
   930  
   931    What is your substance, whereof are you made,
   932    That millions of strange shadows on you tend?
   933    Since every one, hath every one, one shade,
   934    And you but one, can every shadow lend.
   935    Describe Adonis, and the counterfeit
   936    Is poorly imitated after you;
   937    On Helen's cheek all art of beauty set,
   938    And you in Grecian tires are painted new:
   939    Speak of the spring, and foison of the year,
   940    The one doth shadow of your beauty show,
   941    The other as your bounty doth appear;
   942    And you in every blessed shape we know.
   943      In all external grace you have some part,
   944      But you like none, none you, for constant heart.
   945  
   946    LIV
   947  
   948    O! how much more doth beauty beauteous seem
   949    By that sweet ornament which truth doth give.
   950    The rose looks fair, but fairer we it deem
   951    For that sweet odour, which doth in it live.
   952    The canker blooms have full as deep a dye
   953    As the perfumed tincture of the roses.
   954    Hang on such thorns, and play as wantonly
   955    When summer's breath their masked buds discloses:
   956    But, for their virtue only is their show,
   957    They live unwoo'd, and unrespected fade;
   958    Die to themselves. Sweet roses do not so;
   959    Of their sweet deaths, are sweetest odours made:
   960      And so of you, beauteous and lovely youth,
   961      When that shall vade, by verse distills your truth.
   962  
   963    LV
   964  
   965    Not marble, nor the gilded monuments
   966    Of princes, shall outlive this powerful rhyme;
   967    But you shall shine more bright in these contents
   968    Than unswept stone, besmear'd with sluttish time.
   969    When wasteful war shall statues overturn,
   970    And broils root out the work of masonry,
   971    Nor Mars his sword, nor war's quick fire shall burn
   972    The living record of your memory.
   973    'Gainst death, and all-oblivious enmity
   974    Shall you pace forth; your praise shall still find room
   975    Even in the eyes of all posterity
   976    That wear this world out to the ending doom.
   977      So, till the judgment that yourself arise,
   978      You live in this, and dwell in lovers' eyes.
   979  
   980    LVI
   981  
   982    Sweet love, renew thy force; be it not said
   983    Thy edge should blunter be than appetite,
   984    Which but to-day by feeding is allay'd,
   985    To-morrow sharpened in his former might:
   986    So, love, be thou, although to-day thou fill
   987    Thy hungry eyes, even till they wink with fulness,
   988    To-morrow see again, and do not kill
   989    The spirit of love, with a perpetual dulness.
   990    Let this sad interim like the ocean be
   991    Which parts the shore, where two contracted new
   992    Come daily to the banks, that when they see
   993    Return of love, more blest may be the view;
   994      Or call it winter, which being full of care,
   995      Makes summer's welcome, thrice more wished, more rare.
   996  
   997    LVII
   998  
   999    Being your slave what should I do but tend,
  1000    Upon the hours, and times of your desire?
  1001    I have no precious time at all to spend;
  1002    Nor services to do, till you require.
  1003    Nor dare I chide the world-without-end hour,
  1004    Whilst I, my sovereign, watch the clock for you,
  1005    Nor think the bitterness of absence sour,
  1006    When you have bid your servant once adieu;
  1007    Nor dare I question with my jealous thought
  1008    Where you may be, or your affairs suppose,
  1009    But, like a sad slave, stay and think of nought
  1010    Save, where you are, how happy you make those.
  1011      So true a fool is love, that in your will,
  1012      Though you do anything, he thinks no ill.
  1013  
  1014    LVIII
  1015  
  1016    That god forbid, that made me first your slave,
  1017    I should in thought control your times of pleasure,
  1018    Or at your hand the account of hours to crave,
  1019    Being your vassal, bound to stay your leisure!
  1020    O! let me suffer, being at your beck,
  1021    The imprison'd absence of your liberty;
  1022    And patience, tame to sufferance, bide each check,
  1023    Without accusing you of injury.
  1024    Be where you list, your charter is so strong
  1025    That you yourself may privilage your time
  1026    To what you will; to you it doth belong
  1027    Yourself to pardon of self-doing crime.
  1028      I am to wait, though waiting so be hell,
  1029      Not blame your pleasure be it ill or well.
  1030  
  1031    LIX
  1032  
  1033    If there be nothing new, but that which is
  1034    Hath been before, how are our brains beguil'd,
  1035    Which labouring for invention bear amiss
  1036    The second burthen of a former child!
  1037    O! that record could with a backward look,
  1038    Even of five hundred courses of the sun,
  1039    Show me your image in some antique book,
  1040    Since mind at first in character was done!
  1041    That I might see what the old world could say
  1042    To this composed wonder of your frame;
  1043    Wh'r we are mended, or wh'r better they,
  1044    Or whether revolution be the same.
  1045      O! sure I am the wits of former days,
  1046      To subjects worse have given admiring praise.
  1047  
  1048    LX
  1049  
  1050    Like as the waves make towards the pebbled shore,
  1051    So do our minutes hasten to their end;
  1052    Each changing place with that which goes before,
  1053    In sequent toil all forwards do contend.
  1054    Nativity, once in the main of light,
  1055    Crawls to maturity, wherewith being crown'd,
  1056    Crooked eclipses 'gainst his glory fight,
  1057    And Time that gave doth now his gift confound.
  1058    Time doth transfix the flourish set on youth
  1059    And delves the parallels in beauty's brow,
  1060    Feeds on the rarities of nature's truth,
  1061    And nothing stands but for his scythe to mow:
  1062      And yet to times in hope, my verse shall stand.
  1063      Praising thy worth, despite his cruel hand.
  1064  
  1065    LXI
  1066  
  1067    Is it thy will, thy image should keep open
  1068    My heavy eyelids to the weary night?
  1069    Dost thou desire my slumbers should be broken,
  1070    While shadows like to thee do mock my sight?
  1071    Is it thy spirit that thou send'st from thee
  1072    So far from home into my deeds to pry,
  1073    To find out shames and idle hours in me,
  1074    The scope and tenure of thy jealousy?
  1075    O, no! thy love, though much, is not so great:
  1076    It is my love that keeps mine eye awake:
  1077    Mine own true love that doth my rest defeat,
  1078    To play the watchman ever for thy sake:
  1079      For thee watch I, whilst thou dost wake elsewhere,
  1080      From me far off, with others all too near.
  1081  
  1082    LXII
  1083  
  1084    Sin of self-love possesseth all mine eye
  1085    And all my soul, and all my every part;
  1086    And for this sin there is no remedy,
  1087    It is so grounded inward in my heart.
  1088    Methinks no face so gracious is as mine,
  1089    No shape so true, no truth of such account;
  1090    And for myself mine own worth do define,
  1091    As I all other in all worths surmount.
  1092    But when my glass shows me myself indeed
  1093    Beated and chopp'd with tanned antiquity,
  1094    Mine own self-love quite contrary I read;
  1095    Self so self-loving were iniquity.
  1096      'Tis thee,--myself,--that for myself I praise,
  1097      Painting my age with beauty of thy days.
  1098  
  1099    LXIII
  1100  
  1101    Against my love shall be as I am now,
  1102    With Time's injurious hand crush'd and o'erworn;
  1103    When hours have drain'd his blood and fill'd his brow
  1104    With lines and wrinkles; when his youthful morn
  1105    Hath travell'd on to age's steepy night;
  1106    And all those beauties whereof now he's king
  1107    Are vanishing, or vanished out of sight,
  1108    Stealing away the treasure of his spring;
  1109    For such a time do I now fortify
  1110    Against confounding age's cruel knife,
  1111    That he shall never cut from memory
  1112    My sweet love's beauty, though my lover's life:
  1113      His beauty shall in these black lines be seen,
  1114      And they shall live, and he in them still green.
  1115  
  1116    LXIV
  1117  
  1118    When I have seen by Time's fell hand defac'd
  1119    The rich-proud cost of outworn buried age;
  1120    When sometime lofty towers I see down-raz'd,
  1121    And brass eternal slave to mortal rage;
  1122    When I have seen the hungry ocean gain
  1123    Advantage on the kingdom of the shore,
  1124    And the firm soil win of the watery main,
  1125    Increasing store with loss, and loss with store;
  1126    When I have seen such interchange of state,
  1127    Or state itself confounded, to decay;
  1128    Ruin hath taught me thus to ruminate--
  1129    That Time will come and take my love away.
  1130      This thought is as a death which cannot choose
  1131      But weep to have, that which it fears to lose.
  1132  
  1133    LXV
  1134  
  1135    Since brass, nor stone, nor earth, nor boundless sea,
  1136    But sad mortality o'ersways their power,
  1137    How with this rage shall beauty hold a plea,
  1138    Whose action is no stronger than a flower?
  1139    O! how shall summer's honey breath hold out,
  1140    Against the wrackful siege of battering days,
  1141    When rocks impregnable are not so stout,
  1142    Nor gates of steel so strong but Time decays?
  1143    O fearful meditation! where, alack,
  1144    Shall Time's best jewel from Time's chest lie hid?
  1145    Or what strong hand can hold his swift foot back?
  1146    Or who his spoil of beauty can forbid?
  1147      O! none, unless this miracle have might,
  1148      That in black ink my love may still shine bright.
  1149  
  1150    LXVI
  1151  
  1152    Tired with all these, for restful death I cry,
  1153    As to behold desert a beggar born,
  1154    And needy nothing trimm'd in jollity,
  1155    And purest faith unhappily forsworn,
  1156    And gilded honour shamefully misplac'd,
  1157    And maiden virtue rudely strumpeted,
  1158    And right perfection wrongfully disgrac'd,
  1159    And strength by limping sway disabled
  1160    And art made tongue-tied by authority,
  1161    And folly--doctor-like--controlling skill,
  1162    And simple truth miscall'd simplicity,
  1163    And captive good attending captain ill:
  1164      Tir'd with all these, from these would I be gone,
  1165      Save that, to die, I leave my love alone.
  1166  
  1167    LXVII
  1168  
  1169    Ah! wherefore with infection should he live,
  1170    And with his presence grace impiety,
  1171    That sin by him advantage should achieve,
  1172    And lace itself with his society?
  1173    Why should false painting imitate his cheek,
  1174    And steel dead seeming of his living hue?
  1175    Why should poor beauty indirectly seek
  1176    Roses of shadow, since his rose is true?
  1177    Why should he live, now Nature bankrupt is,
  1178    Beggar'd of blood to blush through lively veins?
  1179    For she hath no exchequer now but his,
  1180    And proud of many, lives upon his gains.
  1181      O! him she stores, to show what wealth she had
  1182      In days long since, before these last so bad.
  1183  
  1184    LXVIII
  1185  
  1186    Thus is his cheek the map of days outworn,
  1187    When beauty lived and died as flowers do now,
  1188    Before these bastard signs of fair were born,
  1189    Or durst inhabit on a living brow;
  1190    Before the golden tresses of the dead,
  1191    The right of sepulchres, were shorn away,
  1192    To live a second life on second head;
  1193    Ere beauty's dead fleece made another gay:
  1194    In him those holy antique hours are seen,
  1195    Without all ornament, itself and true,
  1196    Making no summer of another's green,
  1197    Robbing no old to dress his beauty new;
  1198      And him as for a map doth Nature store,
  1199      To show false Art what beauty was of yore.
  1200  
  1201    LXIX
  1202  
  1203    Those parts of thee that the world's eye doth view
  1204    Want nothing that the thought of hearts can mend;
  1205    All tongues--the voice of souls--give thee that due,
  1206    Uttering bare truth, even so as foes commend.
  1207    Thy outward thus with outward praise is crown'd;
  1208    But those same tongues, that give thee so thine own,
  1209    In other accents do this praise confound
  1210    By seeing farther than the eye hath shown.
  1211    They look into the beauty of thy mind,
  1212    And that in guess they measure by thy deeds;
  1213    Then--churls--their thoughts, although their eyes were kind,
  1214    To thy fair flower add the rank smell of weeds:
  1215      But why thy odour matcheth not thy show,
  1216      The soil is this, that thou dost common grow.
  1217  
  1218    LXX
  1219  
  1220    That thou art blam'd shall not be thy defect,
  1221    For slander's mark was ever yet the fair;
  1222    The ornament of beauty is suspect,
  1223    A crow that flies in heaven's sweetest air.
  1224    So thou be good, slander doth but approve
  1225    Thy worth the greater being woo'd of time;
  1226    For canker vice the sweetest buds doth love,
  1227    And thou present'st a pure unstained prime.
  1228    Thou hast passed by the ambush of young days
  1229    Either not assail'd, or victor being charg'd;
  1230    Yet this thy praise cannot be so thy praise,
  1231    To tie up envy, evermore enlarg'd,
  1232      If some suspect of ill mask'd not thy show,
  1233      Then thou alone kingdoms of hearts shouldst owe.
  1234  
  1235    LXXI
  1236  
  1237    No longer mourn for me when I am dead
  1238    Than you shall hear the surly sullen bell
  1239    Give warning to the world that I am fled
  1240    From this vile world with vilest worms to dwell:
  1241    Nay, if you read this line, remember not
  1242    The hand that writ it, for I love you so,
  1243    That I in your sweet thoughts would be forgot,
  1244    If thinking on me then should make you woe.
  1245    O! if,--I say you look upon this verse,
  1246    When I perhaps compounded am with clay,
  1247    Do not so much as my poor name rehearse;
  1248    But let your love even with my life decay;
  1249      Lest the wise world should look into your moan,
  1250      And mock you with me after I am gone.
  1251  
  1252    LXXII
  1253  
  1254    O! lest the world should task you to recite
  1255    What merit lived in me, that you should love
  1256    After my death,--dear love, forget me quite,
  1257    For you in me can nothing worthy prove;
  1258    Unless you would devise some virtuous lie,
  1259    To do more for me than mine own desert,
  1260    And hang more praise upon deceased I
  1261    Than niggard truth would willingly impart:
  1262    O! lest your true love may seem false in this
  1263    That you for love speak well of me untrue,
  1264    My name be buried where my body is,
  1265    And live no more to shame nor me nor you.
  1266      For I am shamed by that which I bring forth,
  1267      And so should you, to love things nothing worth.
  1268  
  1269    LXXIII
  1270  
  1271    That time of year thou mayst in me behold
  1272    When yellow leaves, or none, or few, do hang
  1273    Upon those boughs which shake against the cold,
  1274    Bare ruin'd choirs, where late the sweet birds sang.
  1275    In me thou see'st the twilight of such day
  1276    As after sunset fadeth in the west;
  1277    Which by and by black night doth take away,
  1278    Death's second self, that seals up all in rest.
  1279    In me thou see'st the glowing of such fire,
  1280    That on the ashes of his youth doth lie,
  1281    As the death-bed, whereon it must expire,
  1282    Consum'd with that which it was nourish'd by.
  1283      This thou perceiv'st, which makes thy love more strong,
  1284      To love that well, which thou must leave ere long.
  1285  
  1286    LXXIV
  1287  
  1288    But be contented: when that fell arrest
  1289    Without all bail shall carry me away,
  1290    My life hath in this line some interest,
  1291    Which for memorial still with thee shall stay.
  1292    When thou reviewest this, thou dost review
  1293    The very part was consecrate to thee:
  1294    The earth can have but earth, which is his due;
  1295    My spirit is thine, the better part of me:
  1296    So then thou hast but lost the dregs of life,
  1297    The prey of worms, my body being dead;
  1298    The coward conquest of a wretch's knife,
  1299    Too base of thee to be remembered.
  1300      The worth of that is that which it contains,
  1301      And that is this, and this with thee remains.
  1302  
  1303    LXXV
  1304  
  1305    So are you to my thoughts as food to life,
  1306    Or as sweet-season'd showers are to the ground;
  1307    And for the peace of you I hold such strife
  1308    As 'twixt a miser and his wealth is found.
  1309    Now proud as an enjoyer, and anon
  1310    Doubting the filching age will steal his treasure;
  1311    Now counting best to be with you alone,
  1312    Then better'd that the world may see my pleasure:
  1313    Sometime all full with feasting on your sight,
  1314    And by and by clean starved for a look;
  1315    Possessing or pursuing no delight,
  1316    Save what is had, or must from you be took.
  1317      Thus do I pine and surfeit day by day,
  1318      Or gluttoning on all, or all away.
  1319  
  1320    LXXVI
  1321  
  1322    Why is my verse so barren of new pride,
  1323    So far from variation or quick change?
  1324    Why with the time do I not glance aside
  1325    To new-found methods, and to compounds strange?
  1326    Why write I still all one, ever the same,
  1327    And keep invention in a noted weed,
  1328    That every word doth almost tell my name,
  1329    Showing their birth, and where they did proceed?
  1330    O! know sweet love I always write of you,
  1331    And you and love are still my argument;
  1332    So all my best is dressing old words new,
  1333    Spending again what is already spent:
  1334      For as the sun is daily new and old,
  1335      So is my love still telling what is told.
  1336  
  1337    LXXVII
  1338  
  1339    Thy glass will show thee how thy beauties wear,
  1340    Thy dial how thy precious minutes waste;
  1341    These vacant leaves thy mind's imprint will bear,
  1342    And of this book, this learning mayst thou taste.
  1343    The wrinkles which thy glass will truly show
  1344    Of mouthed graves will give thee memory;
  1345    Thou by thy dial's shady stealth mayst know
  1346    Time's thievish progress to eternity.
  1347    Look! what thy memory cannot contain,
  1348    Commit to these waste blanks, and thou shalt find
  1349    Those children nursed, deliver'd from thy brain,
  1350    To take a new acquaintance of thy mind.
  1351      These offices, so oft as thou wilt look,
  1352      Shall profit thee and much enrich thy book.
  1353  
  1354    LXXVIII
  1355  
  1356    So oft have I invoked thee for my Muse,
  1357    And found such fair assistance in my verse
  1358    As every alien pen hath got my use
  1359    And under thee their poesy disperse.
  1360    Thine eyes, that taught the dumb on high to sing
  1361    And heavy ignorance aloft to fly,
  1362    Have added feathers to the learned's wing
  1363    And given grace a double majesty.
  1364    Yet be most proud of that which I compile,
  1365    Whose influence is thine, and born of thee:
  1366    In others' works thou dost but mend the style,
  1367    And arts with thy sweet graces graced be;
  1368      But thou art all my art, and dost advance
  1369      As high as learning, my rude ignorance.
  1370  
  1371    LXXIX
  1372  
  1373    Whilst I alone did call upon thy aid,
  1374    My verse alone had all thy gentle grace;
  1375    But now my gracious numbers are decay'd,
  1376    And my sick Muse doth give an other place.
  1377    I grant, sweet love, thy lovely argument
  1378    Deserves the travail of a worthier pen;
  1379    Yet what of thee thy poet doth invent
  1380    He robs thee of, and pays it thee again.
  1381    He lends thee virtue, and he stole that word
  1382    From thy behaviour; beauty doth he give,
  1383    And found it in thy cheek: he can afford
  1384    No praise to thee, but what in thee doth live.
  1385      Then thank him not for that which he doth say,
  1386      Since what he owes thee, thou thyself dost pay.
  1387  
  1388    LXXX
  1389  
  1390    O! how I faint when I of you do write,
  1391    Knowing a better spirit doth use your name,
  1392    And in the praise thereof spends all his might,
  1393    To make me tongue-tied speaking of your fame!
  1394    But since your worth--wide as the ocean is,--
  1395    The humble as the proudest sail doth bear,
  1396    My saucy bark, inferior far to his,
  1397    On your broad main doth wilfully appear.
  1398    Your shallowest help will hold me up afloat,
  1399    Whilst he upon your soundless deep doth ride;
  1400    Or, being wrack'd, I am a worthless boat,
  1401    He of tall building, and of goodly pride:
  1402      Then if he thrive and I be cast away,
  1403      The worst was this,--my love was my decay.
  1404  
  1405    LXXXI
  1406  
  1407    Or I shall live your epitaph to make,
  1408    Or you survive when I in earth am rotten;
  1409    From hence your memory death cannot take,
  1410    Although in me each part will be forgotten.
  1411    Your name from hence immortal life shall have,
  1412    Though I, once gone, to all the world must die:
  1413    The earth can yield me but a common grave,
  1414    When you entombed in men's eyes shall lie.
  1415    Your monument shall be my gentle verse,
  1416    Which eyes not yet created shall o'er-read;
  1417    And tongues to be, your being shall rehearse,
  1418    When all the breathers of this world are dead;
  1419      You still shall live,--such virtue hath my pen,--
  1420      Where breath most breathes, even in the mouths of men.
  1421  
  1422    LXXXII
  1423  
  1424    I grant thou wert not married to my Muse,
  1425    And therefore mayst without attaint o'erlook
  1426    The dedicated words which writers use
  1427    Of their fair subject, blessing every book.
  1428    Thou art as fair in knowledge as in hue,
  1429    Finding thy worth a limit past my praise;
  1430    And therefore art enforced to seek anew
  1431    Some fresher stamp of the time-bettering days.
  1432    And do so, love; yet when they have devis'd,
  1433    What strained touches rhetoric can lend,
  1434    Thou truly fair, wert truly sympathiz'd
  1435    In true plain words, by thy true-telling friend;
  1436      And their gross painting might be better us'd
  1437      Where cheeks need blood; in thee it is abus'd.
  1438  
  1439    LXXXIII
  1440  
  1441    I never saw that you did painting need,
  1442    And therefore to your fair no painting set;
  1443    I found, or thought I found, you did exceed
  1444    That barren tender of a poet's debt:
  1445    And therefore have I slept in your report,
  1446    That you yourself, being extant, well might show
  1447    How far a modern quill doth come too short,
  1448    Speaking of worth, what worth in you doth grow.
  1449    This silence for my sin you did impute,
  1450    Which shall be most my glory being dumb;
  1451    For I impair not beauty being mute,
  1452    When others would give life, and bring a tomb.
  1453      There lives more life in one of your fair eyes
  1454      Than both your poets can in praise devise.
  1455  
  1456    LXXXIV
  1457  
  1458    Who is it that says most, which can say more,
  1459    Than this rich praise,--that you alone, are you?
  1460    In whose confine immured is the store
  1461    Which should example where your equal grew.
  1462    Lean penury within that pen doth dwell
  1463    That to his subject lends not some small glory;
  1464    But he that writes of you, if he can tell
  1465    That you are you, so dignifies his story,
  1466    Let him but copy what in you is writ,
  1467    Not making worse what nature made so clear,
  1468    And such a counterpart shall fame his wit,
  1469    Making his style admired every where.
  1470      You to your beauteous blessings add a curse,
  1471      Being fond on praise, which makes your praises worse.
  1472  
  1473    LXXXV
  1474  
  1475    My tongue-tied Muse in manners holds her still,
  1476    While comments of your praise richly compil'd,
  1477    Reserve their character with golden quill,
  1478    And precious phrase by all the Muses fil'd.
  1479    I think good thoughts, whilst others write good words,
  1480    And like unlettered clerk still cry 'Amen'
  1481    To every hymn that able spirit affords,
  1482    In polish'd form of well-refined pen.
  1483    Hearing you praised, I say ''tis so, 'tis true,'
  1484    And to the most of praise add something more;
  1485    But that is in my thought, whose love to you,
  1486    Though words come hindmost, holds his rank before.
  1487      Then others, for the breath of words respect,
  1488      Me for my dumb thoughts, speaking in effect.
  1489  
  1490    LXXXVI
  1491  
  1492    Was it the proud full sail of his great verse,
  1493    Bound for the prize of all too precious you,
  1494    That did my ripe thoughts in my brain inhearse,
  1495    Making their tomb the womb wherein they grew?
  1496    Was it his spirit, by spirits taught to write,
  1497    Above a mortal pitch, that struck me dead?
  1498    No, neither he, nor his compeers by night
  1499    Giving him aid, my verse astonished.
  1500    He, nor that affable familiar ghost
  1501    Which nightly gulls him with intelligence,
  1502    As victors of my silence cannot boast;
  1503    I was not sick of any fear from thence:
  1504      But when your countenance fill'd up his line,
  1505      Then lacked I matter; that enfeebled mine.
  1506  
  1507    LXXXVII
  1508  
  1509    Farewell! thou art too dear for my possessing,
  1510    And like enough thou know'st thy estimate,
  1511    The charter of thy worth gives thee releasing;
  1512    My bonds in thee are all determinate.
  1513    For how do I hold thee but by thy granting?
  1514    And for that riches where is my deserving?
  1515    The cause of this fair gift in me is wanting,
  1516    And so my patent back again is swerving.
  1517    Thy self thou gav'st, thy own worth then not knowing,
  1518    Or me to whom thou gav'st it, else mistaking;
  1519    So thy great gift, upon misprision growing,
  1520    Comes home again, on better judgement making.
  1521      Thus have I had thee, as a dream doth flatter,
  1522      In sleep a king, but waking no such matter.
  1523  
  1524    LXXXVIII
  1525  
  1526    When thou shalt be dispos'd to set me light,
  1527    And place my merit in the eye of scorn,
  1528    Upon thy side, against myself I'll fight,
  1529    And prove thee virtuous, though thou art forsworn.
  1530    With mine own weakness, being best acquainted,
  1531    Upon thy part I can set down a story
  1532    Of faults conceal'd, wherein I am attainted;
  1533    That thou in losing me shalt win much glory:
  1534    And I by this will be a gainer too;
  1535    For bending all my loving thoughts on thee,
  1536    The injuries that to myself I do,
  1537    Doing thee vantage, double-vantage me.
  1538      Such is my love, to thee I so belong,
  1539      That for thy right, myself will bear all wrong.
  1540  
  1541    LXXXIX
  1542  
  1543    Say that thou didst forsake me for some fault,
  1544    And I will comment upon that offence:
  1545    Speak of my lameness, and I straight will halt,
  1546    Against thy reasons making no defence.
  1547    Thou canst not love disgrace me half so ill,
  1548    To set a form upon desired change,
  1549    As I'll myself disgrace; knowing thy will,
  1550    I will acquaintance strangle, and look strange;
  1551    Be absent from thy walks; and in my tongue
  1552    Thy sweet beloved name no more shall dwell,
  1553    Lest I, too much profane, should do it wrong,
  1554    And haply of our old acquaintance tell.
  1555      For thee, against my self I'll vow debate,
  1556      For I must ne'er love him whom thou dost hate.
  1557  
  1558    XC
  1559  
  1560    Then hate me when thou wilt; if ever, now;
  1561    Now, while the world is bent my deeds to cross,
  1562    Join with the spite of fortune, make me bow,
  1563    And do not drop in for an after-loss:
  1564    Ah! do not, when my heart hath 'scap'd this sorrow,
  1565    Come in the rearward of a conquer'd woe;
  1566    Give not a windy night a rainy morrow,
  1567    To linger out a purpos'd overthrow.
  1568    If thou wilt leave me, do not leave me last,
  1569    When other petty griefs have done their spite,
  1570    But in the onset come: so shall I taste
  1571    At first the very worst of fortune's might;
  1572      And other strains of woe, which now seem woe,
  1573      Compar'd with loss of thee, will not seem so.
  1574  
  1575    XCI
  1576  
  1577    Some glory in their birth, some in their skill,
  1578    Some in their wealth, some in their body's force,
  1579    Some in their garments though new-fangled ill;
  1580    Some in their hawks and hounds, some in their horse;
  1581    And every humour hath his adjunct pleasure,
  1582    Wherein it finds a joy above the rest:
  1583    But these particulars are not my measure,
  1584    All these I better in one general best.
  1585    Thy love is better than high birth to me,
  1586    Richer than wealth, prouder than garments' costs,
  1587    Of more delight than hawks and horses be;
  1588    And having thee, of all men's pride I boast:
  1589      Wretched in this alone, that thou mayst take
  1590      All this away, and me most wretchcd make.
  1591  
  1592    XCII
  1593  
  1594    But do thy worst to steal thyself away,
  1595    For term of life thou art assured mine;
  1596    And life no longer than thy love will stay,
  1597    For it depends upon that love of thine.
  1598    Then need I not to fear the worst of wrongs,
  1599    When in the least of them my life hath end.
  1600    I see a better state to me belongs
  1601    Than that which on thy humour doth depend:
  1602    Thou canst not vex me with inconstant mind,
  1603    Since that my life on thy revolt doth lie.
  1604    O! what a happy title do I find,
  1605    Happy to have thy love, happy to die!
  1606      But what's so blessed-fair that fears no blot?
  1607      Thou mayst be false, and yet I know it not.
  1608  
  1609    XCIII
  1610  
  1611    So shall I live, supposing thou art true,
  1612    Like a deceived husband; so love's face
  1613    May still seem love to me, though alter'd new;
  1614    Thy looks with me, thy heart in other place:
  1615    For there can live no hatred in thine eye,
  1616    Therefore in that I cannot know thy change.
  1617    In many's looks, the false heart's history
  1618    Is writ in moods, and frowns, and wrinkles strange.
  1619    But heaven in thy creation did decree
  1620    That in thy face sweet love should ever dwell;
  1621    Whate'er thy thoughts, or thy heart's workings be,
  1622    Thy looks should nothing thence, but sweetness tell.
  1623      How like Eve's apple doth thy beauty grow,
  1624      If thy sweet virtue answer not thy show!
  1625  
  1626    XCIV
  1627  
  1628    They that have power to hurt, and will do none,
  1629    That do not do the thing they most do show,
  1630    Who, moving others, are themselves as stone,
  1631    Unmoved, cold, and to temptation slow;
  1632    They rightly do inherit heaven's graces,
  1633    And husband nature's riches from expense;
  1634    They are the lords and owners of their faces,
  1635    Others, but stewards of their excellence.
  1636    The summer's flower is to the summer sweet,
  1637    Though to itself, it only live and die,
  1638    But if that flower with base infection meet,
  1639    The basest weed outbraves his dignity:
  1640      For sweetest things turn sourest by their deeds;
  1641      Lilies that fester, smell far worse than weeds.
  1642  
  1643    XCV
  1644  
  1645    How sweet and lovely dost thou make the shame
  1646    Which, like a canker in the fragrant rose,
  1647    Doth spot the beauty of thy budding name!
  1648    O! in what sweets dost thou thy sins enclose.
  1649    That tongue that tells the story of thy days,
  1650    Making lascivious comments on thy sport,
  1651    Cannot dispraise, but in a kind of praise;
  1652    Naming thy name, blesses an ill report.
  1653    O! what a mansion have those vices got
  1654    Which for their habitation chose out thee,
  1655    Where beauty's veil doth cover every blot
  1656    And all things turns to fair that eyes can see!
  1657      Take heed, dear heart, of this large privilege;
  1658      The hardest knife ill-us'd doth lose his edge.
  1659  
  1660    XCVI
  1661  
  1662    Some say thy fault is youth, some wantonness;
  1663    Some say thy grace is youth and gentle sport;
  1664    Both grace and faults are lov'd of more and less:
  1665    Thou mak'st faults graces that to thee resort.
  1666    As on the finger of a throned queen
  1667    The basest jewel will be well esteem'd,
  1668    So are those errors that in thee are seen
  1669    To truths translated, and for true things deem'd.
  1670    How many lambs might the stern wolf betray,
  1671    If like a lamb he could his looks translate!
  1672    How many gazers mightst thou lead away,
  1673    if thou wouldst use the strength of all thy state!
  1674      But do not so; I love thee in such sort,
  1675      As, thou being mine, mine is thy good report.
  1676  
  1677    XCVII
  1678  
  1679    How like a winter hath my absence been
  1680    From thee, the pleasure of the fleeting year!
  1681    What freezings have I felt, what dark days seen!
  1682    What old December's bareness everywhere!
  1683    And yet this time removed was summer's time;
  1684    The teeming autumn, big with rich increase,
  1685    Bearing the wanton burden of the prime,
  1686    Like widow'd wombs after their lords' decease:
  1687    Yet this abundant issue seem'd to me
  1688    But hope of orphans, and unfather'd fruit;
  1689    For summer and his pleasures wait on thee,
  1690    And, thou away, the very birds are mute:
  1691      Or, if they sing, 'tis with so dull a cheer,
  1692      That leaves look pale, dreading the winter's near.
  1693  
  1694    XCVIII
  1695  
  1696    From you have I been absent in the spring,
  1697    When proud-pied April, dress'd in all his trim,
  1698    Hath put a spirit of youth in every thing,
  1699    That heavy Saturn laugh'd and leap'd with him.
  1700    Yet nor the lays of birds, nor the sweet smell
  1701    Of different flowers in odour and in hue,
  1702    Could make me any summer's story tell,
  1703    Or from their proud lap pluck them where they grew:
  1704    Nor did I wonder at the lily's white,
  1705    Nor praise the deep vermilion in the rose;
  1706    They were but sweet, but figures of delight,
  1707    Drawn after you, you pattern of all those.
  1708      Yet seem'd it winter still, and you away,
  1709      As with your shadow I with these did play.
  1710  
  1711    XCIX
  1712  
  1713    The forward violet thus did I chide:
  1714    Sweet thief, whence didst thou steal thy sweet that smells,
  1715    If not from my love's breath? The purple pride
  1716    Which on thy soft cheek for complexion dwells
  1717    In my love's veins thou hast too grossly dy'd.
  1718    The lily I condemned for thy hand,
  1719    And buds of marjoram had stol'n thy hair;
  1720    The roses fearfully on thorns did stand,
  1721    One blushing shame, another white despair;
  1722    A third, nor red nor white, had stol'n of both,
  1723    And to his robbery had annex'd thy breath;
  1724    But, for his theft, in pride of all his growth
  1725    A vengeful canker eat him up to death.
  1726      More flowers I noted, yet I none could see,
  1727      But sweet, or colour it had stol'n from thee.
  1728  
  1729    C
  1730  
  1731    Where art thou Muse that thou forget'st so long,
  1732    To speak of that which gives thee all thy might?
  1733    Spend'st thou thy fury on some worthless song,
  1734    Darkening thy power to lend base subjects light?
  1735    Return forgetful Muse, and straight redeem,
  1736    In gentle numbers time so idly spent;
  1737    Sing to the ear that doth thy lays esteem
  1738    And gives thy pen both skill and argument.
  1739    Rise, resty Muse, my love's sweet face survey,
  1740    If Time have any wrinkle graven there;
  1741    If any, be a satire to decay,
  1742    And make time's spoils despised every where.
  1743      Give my love fame faster than Time wastes life,
  1744      So thou prevent'st his scythe and crooked knife.
  1745  
  1746    CI
  1747  
  1748    O truant Muse what shall be thy amends
  1749    For thy neglect of truth in beauty dy'd?
  1750    Both truth and beauty on my love depends;
  1751    So dost thou too, and therein dignified.
  1752    Make answer Muse: wilt thou not haply say,
  1753    'Truth needs no colour, with his colour fix'd;
  1754    Beauty no pencil, beauty's truth to lay;
  1755    But best is best, if never intermix'd'?
  1756    Because he needs no praise, wilt thou be dumb?
  1757    Excuse not silence so, for't lies in thee
  1758    To make him much outlive a gilded tomb
  1759    And to be prais'd of ages yet to be.
  1760      Then do thy office, Muse; I teach thee how
  1761      To make him seem long hence as he shows now.
  1762  
  1763    CII
  1764  
  1765    My love is strengthen'd, though more weak in seeming;
  1766    I love not less, though less the show appear;
  1767    That love is merchandiz'd, whose rich esteeming,
  1768    The owner's tongue doth publish every where.
  1769    Our love was new, and then but in the spring,
  1770    When I was wont to greet it with my lays;
  1771    As Philomel in summer's front doth sing,
  1772    And stops her pipe in growth of riper days:
  1773    Not that the summer is less pleasant now
  1774    Than when her mournful hymns did hush the night,
  1775    But that wild music burthens every bough,
  1776    And sweets grown common lose their dear delight.
  1777      Therefore like her, I sometime hold my tongue:
  1778      Because I would not dull you with my song.
  1779  
  1780    CIII
  1781  
  1782    Alack! what poverty my Muse brings forth,
  1783    That having such a scope to show her pride,
  1784    The argument, all bare, is of more worth
  1785    Than when it hath my added praise beside!
  1786    O! blame me not, if I no more can write!
  1787    Look in your glass, and there appears a face
  1788    That over-goes my blunt invention quite,
  1789    Dulling my lines, and doing me disgrace.
  1790    Were it not sinful then, striving to mend,
  1791    To mar the subject that before was well?
  1792    For to no other pass my verses tend
  1793    Than of your graces and your gifts to tell;
  1794      And more, much more, than in my verse can sit,
  1795      Your own glass shows you when you look in it.
  1796  
  1797    CIV
  1798  
  1799    To me, fair friend, you never can be old,
  1800    For as you were when first your eye I ey'd,
  1801    Such seems your beauty still. Three winters cold,
  1802    Have from the forests shook three summers' pride,
  1803    Three beauteous springs to yellow autumn turn'd,
  1804    In process of the seasons have I seen,
  1805    Three April perfumes in three hot Junes burn'd,
  1806    Since first I saw you fresh, which yet are green.
  1807    Ah! yet doth beauty like a dial-hand,
  1808    Steal from his figure, and no pace perceiv'd;
  1809    So your sweet hue, which methinks still doth stand,
  1810    Hath motion, and mine eye may be deceiv'd:
  1811      For fear of which, hear this thou age unbred:
  1812      Ere you were born was beauty's summer dead.
  1813  
  1814    CV
  1815  
  1816    Let not my love be call'd idolatry,
  1817    Nor my beloved as an idol show,
  1818    Since all alike my songs and praises be
  1819    To one, of one, still such, and ever so.
  1820    Kind is my love to-day, to-morrow kind,
  1821    Still constant in a wondrous excellence;
  1822    Therefore my verse to constancy confin'd,
  1823    One thing expressing, leaves out difference.
  1824    'Fair, kind, and true,' is all my argument,
  1825    'Fair, kind, and true,' varying to other words;
  1826    And in this change is my invention spent,
  1827    Three themes in one, which wondrous scope affords.
  1828      Fair, kind, and true, have often liv'd alone,
  1829      Which three till now, never kept seat in one.
  1830  
  1831    CVI
  1832  
  1833    When in the chronicle of wasted time
  1834    I see descriptions of the fairest wights,
  1835    And beauty making beautiful old rime,
  1836    In praise of ladies dead and lovely knights,
  1837    Then, in the blazon of sweet beauty's best,
  1838    Of hand, of foot, of lip, of eye, of brow,
  1839    I see their antique pen would have express'd
  1840    Even such a beauty as you master now.
  1841    So all their praises are but prophecies
  1842    Of this our time, all you prefiguring;
  1843    And for they looked but with divining eyes,
  1844    They had not skill enough your worth to sing:
  1845      For we, which now behold these present days,
  1846      Have eyes to wonder, but lack tongues to praise.
  1847  
  1848    CVII
  1849  
  1850    Not mine own fears, nor the prophetic soul
  1851    Of the wide world dreaming on things to come,
  1852    Can yet the lease of my true love control,
  1853    Supposed as forfeit to a confin'd doom.
  1854    The mortal moon hath her eclipse endur'd,
  1855    And the sad augurs mock their own presage;
  1856    Incertainties now crown themselves assur'd,
  1857    And peace proclaims olives of endless age.
  1858    Now with the drops of this most balmy time,
  1859    My love looks fresh, and Death to me subscribes,
  1860    Since, spite of him, I'll live in this poor rime,
  1861    While he insults o'er dull and speechless tribes:
  1862      And thou in this shalt find thy monument,
  1863      When tyrants' crests and tombs of brass are spent.
  1864  
  1865    CVIII
  1866  
  1867    What's in the brain, that ink may character,
  1868    Which hath not figur'd to thee my true spirit?
  1869    What's new to speak, what now to register,
  1870    That may express my love, or thy dear merit?
  1871    Nothing, sweet boy; but yet, like prayers divine,
  1872    I must each day say o'er the very same;
  1873    Counting no old thing old, thou mine, I thine,
  1874    Even as when first I hallow'd thy fair name.
  1875    So that eternal love in love's fresh case,
  1876    Weighs not the dust and injury of age,
  1877    Nor gives to necessary wrinkles place,
  1878    But makes antiquity for aye his page;
  1879      Finding the first conceit of love there bred,
  1880      Where time and outward form would show it dead.
  1881  
  1882    CIX
  1883  
  1884    O! never say that I was false of heart,
  1885    Though absence seem'd my flame to qualify,
  1886    As easy might I from my self depart
  1887    As from my soul which in thy breast doth lie:
  1888    That is my home of love: if I have rang'd,
  1889    Like him that travels, I return again;
  1890    Just to the time, not with the time exchang'd,
  1891    So that myself bring water for my stain.
  1892    Never believe though in my nature reign'd,
  1893    All frailties that besiege all kinds of blood,
  1894    That it could so preposterously be stain'd,
  1895    To leave for nothing all thy sum of good;
  1896      For nothing this wide universe I call,
  1897      Save thou, my rose, in it thou art my all.
  1898  
  1899    CX
  1900  
  1901    Alas! 'tis true, I have gone here and there,
  1902    And made my self a motley to the view,
  1903    Gor'd mine own thoughts, sold cheap what is most dear,
  1904    Made old offences of affections new;
  1905    Most true it is, that I have look'd on truth
  1906    Askance and strangely; but, by all above,
  1907    These blenches gave my heart another youth,
  1908    And worse essays prov'd thee my best of love.
  1909    Now all is done, save what shall have no end:
  1910    Mine appetite I never more will grind
  1911    On newer proof, to try an older friend,
  1912    A god in love, to whom I am confin'd.
  1913      Then give me welcome, next my heaven the best,
  1914      Even to thy pure and most most loving breast.
  1915  
  1916    CXI
  1917  
  1918    O! for my sake do you with Fortune chide,
  1919    The guilty goddess of my harmful deeds,
  1920    That did not better for my life provide
  1921    Than public means which public manners breeds.
  1922    Thence comes it that my name receives a brand,
  1923    And almost thence my nature is subdu'd
  1924    To what it works in, like the dyer's hand:
  1925    Pity me, then, and wish I were renew'd;
  1926    Whilst, like a willing patient, I will drink,
  1927    Potions of eisel 'gainst my strong infection;
  1928    No bitterness that I will bitter think,
  1929    Nor double penance, to correct correction.
  1930      Pity me then, dear friend, and I assure ye,
  1931      Even that your pity is enough to cure me.
  1932  
  1933    CXII
  1934  
  1935    Your love and pity doth the impression fill,
  1936    Which vulgar scandal stamp'd upon my brow;
  1937    For what care I who calls me well or ill,
  1938    So you o'er-green my bad, my good allow?
  1939    You are my all-the-world, and I must strive
  1940    To know my shames and praises from your tongue;
  1941    None else to me, nor I to none alive,
  1942    That my steel'd sense or changes right or wrong.
  1943    In so profound abysm I throw all care
  1944    Of others' voices, that my adder's sense
  1945    To critic and to flatterer stopped are.
  1946    Mark how with my neglect I do dispense:
  1947      You are so strongly in my purpose bred,
  1948      That all the world besides methinks are dead.
  1949  
  1950    CXIII
  1951  
  1952    Since I left you, mine eye is in my mind;
  1953    And that which governs me to go about
  1954    Doth part his function and is partly blind,
  1955    Seems seeing, but effectually is out;
  1956    For it no form delivers to the heart
  1957    Of bird, of flower, or shape which it doth latch:
  1958    Of his quick objects hath the mind no part,
  1959    Nor his own vision holds what it doth catch;
  1960    For if it see the rud'st or gentlest sight,
  1961    The most sweet favour or deformed'st creature,
  1962    The mountain or the sea, the day or night:
  1963    The crow, or dove, it shapes them to your feature.
  1964      Incapable of more, replete with you,
  1965      My most true mind thus maketh mine untrue.
  1966  
  1967    CXIV
  1968  
  1969    Or whether doth my mind, being crown'd with you,
  1970    Drink up the monarch's plague, this flattery?
  1971    Or whether shall I say, mine eye saith true,
  1972    And that your love taught it this alchemy,
  1973    To make of monsters and things indigest
  1974    Such cherubins as your sweet self resemble,
  1975    Creating every bad a perfect best,
  1976    As fast as objects to his beams assemble?
  1977    O! 'tis the first, 'tis flattery in my seeing,
  1978    And my great mind most kingly drinks it up:
  1979    Mine eye well knows what with his gust is 'greeing,
  1980    And to his palate doth prepare the cup:
  1981      If it be poison'd, 'tis the lesser sin
  1982      That mine eye loves it and doth first begin.
  1983  
  1984    CXV
  1985  
  1986    Those lines that I before have writ do lie,
  1987    Even those that said I could not love you dearer:
  1988    Yet then my judgment knew no reason why
  1989    My most full flame should afterwards burn clearer.
  1990    But reckoning Time, whose million'd accidents
  1991    Creep in 'twixt vows, and change decrees of kings,
  1992    Tan sacred beauty, blunt the sharp'st intents,
  1993    Divert strong minds to the course of altering things;
  1994    Alas! why fearing of Time's tyranny,
  1995    Might I not then say, 'Now I love you best,'
  1996    When I was certain o'er incertainty,
  1997    Crowning the present, doubting of the rest?
  1998      Love is a babe, then might I not say so,
  1999      To give full growth to that which still doth grow?
  2000  
  2001    CXVI
  2002  
  2003    Let me not to the marriage of true minds
  2004    Admit impediments. Love is not love
  2005    Which alters when it alteration finds,
  2006    Or bends with the remover to remove:
  2007    O, no! it is an ever-fixed mark,
  2008    That looks on tempests and is never shaken;
  2009    It is the star to every wandering bark,
  2010    Whose worth's unknown, although his height be taken.
  2011    Love's not Time's fool, though rosy lips and cheeks
  2012    Within his bending sickle's compass come;
  2013    Love alters not with his brief hours and weeks,
  2014    But bears it out even to the edge of doom.
  2015      If this be error and upon me prov'd,
  2016      I never writ, nor no man ever lov'd.
  2017  
  2018    CXVII
  2019  
  2020    Accuse me thus: that I have scanted all,
  2021    Wherein I should your great deserts repay,
  2022    Forgot upon your dearest love to call,
  2023    Whereto all bonds do tie me day by day;
  2024    That I have frequent been with unknown minds,
  2025    And given to time your own dear-purchas'd right;
  2026    That I have hoisted sail to all the winds
  2027    Which should transport me farthest from your sight.
  2028    Book both my wilfulness and errors down,
  2029    And on just proof surmise, accumulate;
  2030    Bring me within the level of your frown,
  2031    But shoot not at me in your waken'd hate;
  2032      Since my appeal says I did strive to prove
  2033      The constancy and virtue of your love.
  2034  
  2035    CXVIII
  2036  
  2037    Like as, to make our appetite more keen,
  2038    With eager compounds we our palate urge;
  2039    As, to prevent our maladies unseen,
  2040    We sicken to shun sickness when we purge;
  2041    Even so, being full of your ne'er-cloying sweetness,
  2042    To bitter sauces did I frame my feeding;
  2043    And, sick of welfare, found a kind of meetness
  2044    To be diseas'd, ere that there was true needing.
  2045    Thus policy in love, to anticipate
  2046    The ills that were not, grew to faults assur'd,
  2047    And brought to medicine a healthful state
  2048    Which, rank of goodness, would by ill be cur'd;
  2049      But thence I learn and find the lesson true,
  2050      Drugs poison him that so fell sick of you.
  2051  
  2052    CXIX
  2053  
  2054    What potions have I drunk of Siren tears,
  2055    Distill'd from limbecks foul as hell within,
  2056    Applying fears to hopes, and hopes to fears,
  2057    Still losing when I saw myself to win!
  2058    What wretched errors hath my heart committed,
  2059    Whilst it hath thought itself so blessed never!
  2060    How have mine eyes out of their spheres been fitted,
  2061    In the distraction of this madding fever!
  2062    O benefit of ill! now I find true
  2063    That better is, by evil still made better;
  2064    And ruin'd love, when it is built anew,
  2065    Grows fairer than at first, more strong, far greater.
  2066      So I return rebuk'd to my content,
  2067      And gain by ill thrice more than I have spent.
  2068  
  2069    CXX
  2070  
  2071    That you were once unkind befriends me now,
  2072    And for that sorrow, which I then did feel,
  2073    Needs must I under my transgression bow,
  2074    Unless my nerves were brass or hammer'd steel.
  2075    For if you were by my unkindness shaken,
  2076    As I by yours, you've pass'd a hell of time;
  2077    And I, a tyrant, have no leisure taken
  2078    To weigh how once I suffer'd in your crime.
  2079    O! that our night of woe might have remember'd
  2080    My deepest sense, how hard true sorrow hits,
  2081    And soon to you, as you to me, then tender'd
  2082    The humble salve, which wounded bosoms fits!
  2083      But that your trespass now becomes a fee;
  2084      Mine ransoms yours, and yours must ransom me.
  2085  
  2086    CXXI
  2087  
  2088    'Tis better to be vile than vile esteem'd,
  2089    When not to be receives reproach of being;
  2090    And the just pleasure lost, which is so deem'd
  2091    Not by our feeling, but by others' seeing:
  2092    For why should others' false adulterate eyes
  2093    Give salutation to my sportive blood?
  2094    Or on my frailties why are frailer spies,
  2095    Which in their wills count bad what I think good?
  2096    No, I am that I am, and they that level
  2097    At my abuses reckon up their own:
  2098    I may be straight though they themselves be bevel;
  2099    By their rank thoughts, my deeds must not be shown;
  2100      Unless this general evil they maintain,
  2101      All men are bad and in their badness reign.
  2102  
  2103    CXXII
  2104  
  2105    Thy gift, thy tables, are within my brain
  2106    Full character'd with lasting memory,
  2107    Which shall above that idle rank remain,
  2108    Beyond all date; even to eternity:
  2109    Or, at the least, so long as brain and heart
  2110    Have faculty by nature to subsist;
  2111    Till each to raz'd oblivion yield his part
  2112    Of thee, thy record never can be miss'd.
  2113    That poor retention could not so much hold,
  2114    Nor need I tallies thy dear love to score;
  2115    Therefore to give them from me was I bold,
  2116    To trust those tables that receive thee more:
  2117      To keep an adjunct to remember thee
  2118      Were to import forgetfulness in me.
  2119  
  2120    CXXIII
  2121  
  2122    No, Time, thou shalt not boast that I do change:
  2123    Thy pyramids built up with newer might
  2124    To me are nothing novel, nothing strange;
  2125    They are but dressings of a former sight.
  2126    Our dates are brief, and therefore we admire
  2127    What thou dost foist upon us that is old;
  2128    And rather make them born to our desire
  2129    Than think that we before have heard them told.
  2130    Thy registers and thee I both defy,
  2131    Not wondering at the present nor the past,
  2132    For thy records and what we see doth lie,
  2133    Made more or less by thy continual haste.
  2134      This I do vow and this shall ever be;
  2135      I will be true despite thy scythe and thee.
  2136  
  2137    CXXIV
  2138  
  2139    If my dear love were but the child of state,
  2140    It might for Fortune's bastard be unfather'd,
  2141    As subject to Time's love or to Time's hate,
  2142    Weeds among weeds, or flowers with flowers gather'd.
  2143    No, it was builded far from accident;
  2144    It suffers not in smiling pomp, nor falls
  2145    Under the blow of thralled discontent,
  2146    Whereto th' inviting time our fashion calls:
  2147    It fears not policy, that heretic,
  2148    Which works on leases of short-number'd hours,
  2149    But all alone stands hugely politic,
  2150    That it nor grows with heat, nor drowns with showers.
  2151      To this I witness call the fools of time,
  2152      Which die for goodness, who have lived for crime.
  2153  
  2154    CXXV
  2155  
  2156    Were't aught to me I bore the canopy,
  2157    With my extern the outward honouring,
  2158    Or laid great bases for eternity,
  2159    Which proves more short than waste or ruining?
  2160    Have I not seen dwellers on form and favour
  2161    Lose all and more by paying too much rent
  2162    For compound sweet; forgoing simple savour,
  2163    Pitiful thrivers, in their gazing spent?
  2164    No; let me be obsequious in thy heart,
  2165    And take thou my oblation, poor but free,
  2166    Which is not mix'd with seconds, knows no art,
  2167    But mutual render, only me for thee.
  2168      Hence, thou suborned informer! a true soul
  2169      When most impeach'd, stands least in thy control.
  2170  
  2171    CXXVI
  2172  
  2173    O thou, my lovely boy, who in thy power
  2174    Dost hold Time's fickle glass, his fickle hour;
  2175    Who hast by waning grown, and therein show'st
  2176    Thy lovers withering, as thy sweet self grow'st.
  2177    If Nature, sovereign mistress over wrack,
  2178    As thou goest onwards, still will pluck thee back,
  2179    She keeps thee to this purpose, that her skill
  2180    May time disgrace and wretched minutes kill.
  2181    Yet fear her, O thou minion of her pleasure!
  2182    She may detain, but not still keep, her treasure:
  2183      Her audit (though delayed) answered must be,
  2184      And her quietus is to render thee.
  2185  
  2186    CXXVII
  2187  
  2188    In the old age black was not counted fair,
  2189    Or if it were, it bore not beauty's name;
  2190    But now is black beauty's successive heir,
  2191    And beauty slander'd with a bastard shame:
  2192    For since each hand hath put on Nature's power,
  2193    Fairing the foul with Art's false borrowed face,
  2194    Sweet beauty hath no name, no holy bower,
  2195    But is profan'd, if not lives in disgrace.
  2196    Therefore my mistress' eyes are raven black,
  2197    Her eyes so suited, and they mourners seem
  2198    At such who, not born fair, no beauty lack,
  2199    Sland'ring creation with a false esteem:
  2200      Yet so they mourn becoming of their woe,
  2201      That every tongue says beauty should look so.
  2202  
  2203    CXXVIII
  2204  
  2205    How oft when thou, my music, music play'st,
  2206    Upon that blessed wood whose motion sounds
  2207    With thy sweet fingers when thou gently sway'st
  2208    The wiry concord that mine ear confounds,
  2209    Do I envy those jacks that nimble leap,
  2210    To kiss the tender inward of thy hand,
  2211    Whilst my poor lips which should that harvest reap,
  2212    At the wood's boldness by thee blushing stand!
  2213    To be so tickled, they would change their state
  2214    And situation with those dancing chips,
  2215    O'er whom thy fingers walk with gentle gait,
  2216    Making dead wood more bless'd than living lips.
  2217      Since saucy jacks so happy are in this,
  2218      Give them thy fingers, me thy lips to kiss.
  2219  
  2220    CXXIX
  2221  
  2222    The expense of spirit in a waste of shame
  2223    Is lust in action: and till action, lust
  2224    Is perjur'd, murderous, bloody, full of blame,
  2225    Savage, extreme, rude, cruel, not to trust;
  2226    Enjoy'd no sooner but despised straight;
  2227    Past reason hunted; and no sooner had,
  2228    Past reason hated, as a swallow'd bait,
  2229    On purpose laid to make the taker mad:
  2230    Mad in pursuit and in possession so;
  2231    Had, having, and in quest, to have extreme;
  2232    A bliss in proof,-- and prov'd, a very woe;
  2233    Before, a joy propos'd; behind a dream.
  2234      All this the world well knows; yet none knows well
  2235      To shun the heaven that leads men to this hell.
  2236  
  2237    CXXX
  2238  
  2239    My mistress' eyes are nothing like the sun;
  2240    Coral is far more red, than her lips red:
  2241    If snow be white, why then her breasts are dun;
  2242    If hairs be wires, black wires grow on her head.
  2243    I have seen roses damask'd, red and white,
  2244    But no such roses see I in her cheeks;
  2245    And in some perfumes is there more delight
  2246    Than in the breath that from my mistress reeks.
  2247    I love to hear her speak, yet well I know
  2248    That music hath a far more pleasing sound:
  2249    I grant I never saw a goddess go,--
  2250    My mistress, when she walks, treads on the ground:
  2251      And yet by heaven, I think my love as rare,
  2252      As any she belied with false compare.
  2253  
  2254    CXXXI
  2255  
  2256    Thou art as tyrannous, so as thou art,
  2257    As those whose beauties proudly make them cruel;
  2258    For well thou know'st to my dear doting heart
  2259    Thou art the fairest and most precious jewel.
  2260    Yet, in good faith, some say that thee behold,
  2261    Thy face hath not the power to make love groan;
  2262    To say they err I dare not be so bold,
  2263    Although I swear it to myself alone.
  2264    And to be sure that is not false I swear,
  2265    A thousand groans, but thinking on thy face,
  2266    One on another's neck, do witness bear
  2267    Thy black is fairest in my judgment's place.
  2268      In nothing art thou black save in thy deeds,
  2269      And thence this slander, as I think, proceeds.
  2270  
  2271    CXXXII
  2272  
  2273    Thine eyes I love, and they, as pitying me,
  2274    Knowing thy heart torment me with disdain,
  2275    Have put on black and loving mourners be,
  2276    Looking with pretty ruth upon my pain.
  2277    And truly not the morning sun of heaven
  2278    Better becomes the grey cheeks of the east,
  2279    Nor that full star that ushers in the even,
  2280    Doth half that glory to the sober west,
  2281    As those two mourning eyes become thy face:
  2282    O! let it then as well beseem thy heart
  2283    To mourn for me since mourning doth thee grace,
  2284    And suit thy pity like in every part.
  2285      Then will I swear beauty herself is black,
  2286      And all they foul that thy complexion lack.
  2287  
  2288    CXXXIII
  2289  
  2290    Beshrew that heart that makes my heart to groan
  2291    For that deep wound it gives my friend and me!
  2292    Is't not enough to torture me alone,
  2293    But slave to slavery my sweet'st friend must be?
  2294    Me from myself thy cruel eye hath taken,
  2295    And my next self thou harder hast engross'd:
  2296    Of him, myself, and thee I am forsaken;
  2297    A torment thrice three-fold thus to be cross'd:
  2298    Prison my heart in thy steel bosom's ward,
  2299    But then my friend's heart let my poor heart bail;
  2300    Whoe'er keeps me, let my heart be his guard;
  2301    Thou canst not then use rigour in my jail:
  2302      And yet thou wilt; for I, being pent in thee,
  2303      Perforce am thine, and all that is in me.
  2304  
  2305    CXXXIV
  2306  
  2307    So, now I have confess'd that he is thine,
  2308    And I my self am mortgag'd to thy will,
  2309    Myself I'll forfeit, so that other mine
  2310    Thou wilt restore to be my comfort still:
  2311    But thou wilt not, nor he will not be free,
  2312    For thou art covetous, and he is kind;
  2313    He learn'd but surety-like to write for me,
  2314    Under that bond that him as fast doth bind.
  2315    The statute of thy beauty thou wilt take,
  2316    Thou usurer, that putt'st forth all to use,
  2317    And sue a friend came debtor for my sake;
  2318    So him I lose through my unkind abuse.
  2319      Him have I lost; thou hast both him and me:
  2320      He pays the whole, and yet am I not free.
  2321  
  2322    CXXXV
  2323  
  2324    Whoever hath her wish, thou hast thy 'Will,'
  2325    And 'Will' to boot, and 'Will' in over-plus;
  2326    More than enough am I that vex'd thee still,
  2327    To thy sweet will making addition thus.
  2328    Wilt thou, whose will is large and spacious,
  2329    Not once vouchsafe to hide my will in thine?
  2330    Shall will in others seem right gracious,
  2331    And in my will no fair acceptance shine?
  2332    The sea, all water, yet receives rain still,
  2333    And in abundance addeth to his store;
  2334    So thou, being rich in 'Will,' add to thy 'Will'
  2335    One will of mine, to make thy large will more.
  2336      Let no unkind 'No' fair beseechers kill;
  2337      Think all but one, and me in that one 'Will.'
  2338  
  2339    CXXXVI
  2340  
  2341    If thy soul check thee that I come so near,
  2342    Swear to thy blind soul that I was thy 'Will',
  2343    And will, thy soul knows, is admitted there;
  2344    Thus far for love, my love-suit, sweet, fulfil.
  2345    'Will', will fulfil the treasure of thy love,
  2346    Ay, fill it full with wills, and my will one.
  2347    In things of great receipt with ease we prove
  2348    Among a number one is reckon'd none:
  2349    Then in the number let me pass untold,
  2350    Though in thy store's account I one must be;
  2351    For nothing hold me, so it please thee hold
  2352    That nothing me, a something sweet to thee:
  2353      Make but my name thy love, and love that still,
  2354      And then thou lov'st me for my name is 'Will.'
  2355  
  2356    CXXXVII
  2357  
  2358    Thou blind fool, Love, what dost thou to mine eyes,
  2359    That they behold, and see not what they see?
  2360    They know what beauty is, see where it lies,
  2361    Yet what the best is take the worst to be.
  2362    If eyes, corrupt by over-partial looks,
  2363    Be anchor'd in the bay where all men ride,
  2364    Why of eyes' falsehood hast thou forged hooks,
  2365    Whereto the judgment of my heart is tied?
  2366    Why should my heart think that a several plot,
  2367    Which my heart knows the wide world's common place?
  2368    Or mine eyes, seeing this, say this is not,
  2369    To put fair truth upon so foul a face?
  2370      In things right true my heart and eyes have err'd,
  2371      And to this false plague are they now transferr'd.
  2372  
  2373    CXXXVIII
  2374  
  2375    When my love swears that she is made of truth,
  2376    I do believe her though I know she lies,
  2377    That she might think me some untutor'd youth,
  2378    Unlearned in the world's false subtleties.
  2379    Thus vainly thinking that she thinks me young,
  2380    Although she knows my days are past the best,
  2381    Simply I credit her false-speaking tongue:
  2382    On both sides thus is simple truth suppressed:
  2383    But wherefore says she not she is unjust?
  2384    And wherefore say not I that I am old?
  2385    O! love's best habit is in seeming trust,
  2386    And age in love, loves not to have years told:
  2387      Therefore I lie with her, and she with me,
  2388      And in our faults by lies we flatter'd be.
  2389  
  2390    CXXXIX
  2391  
  2392    O! call not me to justify the wrong
  2393    That thy unkindness lays upon my heart;
  2394    Wound me not with thine eye, but with thy tongue:
  2395    Use power with power, and slay me not by art,
  2396    Tell me thou lov'st elsewhere; but in my sight,
  2397    Dear heart, forbear to glance thine eye aside:
  2398    What need'st thou wound with cunning, when thy might
  2399    Is more than my o'erpress'd defence can bide?
  2400    Let me excuse thee: ah! my love well knows
  2401    Her pretty looks have been mine enemies;
  2402    And therefore from my face she turns my foes,
  2403    That they elsewhere might dart their injuries:
  2404      Yet do not so; but since I am near slain,
  2405      Kill me outright with looks, and rid my pain.
  2406  
  2407  
  2408    CXL
  2409  
  2410    Be wise as thou art cruel; do not press
  2411    My tongue-tied patience with too much disdain;
  2412    Lest sorrow lend me words, and words express
  2413    The manner of my pity-wanting pain.
  2414    If I might teach thee wit, better it were,
  2415    Though not to love, yet, love to tell me so;--
  2416    As testy sick men, when their deaths be near,
  2417    No news but health from their physicians know;--
  2418    For, if I should despair, I should grow mad,
  2419    And in my madness might speak ill of thee;
  2420    Now this ill-wresting world is grown so bad,
  2421    Mad slanderers by mad ears believed be.
  2422      That I may not be so, nor thou belied,
  2423      Bear thine eyes straight, though thy proud heart go wide.
  2424  
  2425    CXLI
  2426  
  2427    In faith I do not love thee with mine eyes,
  2428    For they in thee a thousand errors note;
  2429    But 'tis my heart that loves what they despise,
  2430    Who, in despite of view, is pleased to dote.
  2431    Nor are mine ears with thy tongue's tune delighted;
  2432    Nor tender feeling, to base touches prone,
  2433    Nor taste, nor smell, desire to be invited
  2434    To any sensual feast with thee alone:
  2435    But my five wits nor my five senses can
  2436    Dissuade one foolish heart from serving thee,
  2437    Who leaves unsway'd the likeness of a man,
  2438    Thy proud heart's slave and vassal wretch to be:
  2439      Only my plague thus far I count my gain,
  2440      That she that makes me sin awards me pain.
  2441  
  2442    CXLII
  2443  
  2444    Love is my sin, and thy dear virtue hate,
  2445    Hate of my sin, grounded on sinful loving:
  2446    O! but with mine compare thou thine own state,
  2447    And thou shalt find it merits not reproving;
  2448    Or, if it do, not from those lips of thine,
  2449    That have profan'd their scarlet ornaments
  2450    And seal'd false bonds of love as oft as mine,
  2451    Robb'd others' beds' revenues of their rents.
  2452    Be it lawful I love thee, as thou lov'st those
  2453    Whom thine eyes woo as mine importune thee:
  2454    Root pity in thy heart, that, when it grows,
  2455    Thy pity may deserve to pitied be.
  2456      If thou dost seek to have what thou dost hide,
  2457      By self-example mayst thou be denied!
  2458  
  2459    CXLIII
  2460  
  2461    Lo, as a careful housewife runs to catch
  2462    One of her feather'd creatures broke away,
  2463    Sets down her babe, and makes all swift dispatch
  2464    In pursuit of the thing she would have stay;
  2465    Whilst her neglected child holds her in chase,
  2466    Cries to catch her whose busy care is bent
  2467    To follow that which flies before her face,
  2468    Not prizing her poor infant's discontent;
  2469    So runn'st thou after that which flies from thee,
  2470    Whilst I thy babe chase thee afar behind;
  2471    But if thou catch thy hope, turn back to me,
  2472    And play the mother's part, kiss me, be kind;
  2473      So will I pray that thou mayst have thy 'Will,'
  2474      If thou turn back and my loud crying still.
  2475  
  2476    CXLIV
  2477  
  2478    Two loves I have of comfort and despair,
  2479    Which like two spirits do suggest me still:
  2480    The better angel is a man right fair,
  2481    The worser spirit a woman colour'd ill.
  2482    To win me soon to hell, my female evil,
  2483    Tempteth my better angel from my side,
  2484    And would corrupt my saint to be a devil,
  2485    Wooing his purity with her foul pride.
  2486    And whether that my angel be turn'd fiend,
  2487    Suspect I may, yet not directly tell;
  2488    But being both from me, both to each friend,
  2489    I guess one angel in another's hell:
  2490      Yet this shall I ne'er know, but live in doubt,
  2491      Till my bad angel fire my good one out.
  2492  
  2493    CXLV
  2494  
  2495    Those lips that Love's own hand did make,
  2496    Breathed forth the sound that said 'I hate',
  2497    To me that languish'd for her sake:
  2498    But when she saw my woeful state,
  2499    Straight in her heart did mercy come,
  2500    Chiding that tongue that ever sweet
  2501    Was us'd in giving gentle doom;
  2502    And taught it thus anew to greet;
  2503    'I hate' she alter'd with an end,
  2504    That followed it as gentle day,
  2505    Doth follow night, who like a fiend
  2506    From heaven to hell is flown away.
  2507      'I hate', from hate away she threw,
  2508      And sav'd my life, saying 'not you'.
  2509  
  2510    CXLVI
  2511  
  2512    Poor soul, the centre of my sinful earth,
  2513    My sinful earth these rebel powers array,
  2514    Why dost thou pine within and suffer dearth,
  2515    Painting thy outward walls so costly gay?
  2516    Why so large cost, having so short a lease,
  2517    Dost thou upon thy fading mansion spend?
  2518    Shall worms, inheritors of this excess,
  2519    Eat up thy charge? Is this thy body's end?
  2520    Then soul, live thou upon thy servant's loss,
  2521    And let that pine to aggravate thy store;
  2522    Buy terms divine in selling hours of dross;
  2523    Within be fed, without be rich no more:
  2524      So shall thou feed on Death, that feeds on men,
  2525      And Death once dead, there's no more dying then.
  2526  
  2527    CXLVII
  2528  
  2529    My love is as a fever longing still,
  2530    For that which longer nurseth the disease;
  2531    Feeding on that which doth preserve the ill,
  2532    The uncertain sickly appetite to please.
  2533    My reason, the physician to my love,
  2534    Angry that his prescriptions are not kept,
  2535    Hath left me, and I desperate now approve
  2536    Desire is death, which physic did except.
  2537    Past cure I am, now Reason is past care,
  2538    And frantic-mad with evermore unrest;
  2539    My thoughts and my discourse as madmen's are,
  2540    At random from the truth vainly express'd;
  2541      For I have sworn thee fair, and thought thee bright,
  2542      Who art as black as hell, as dark as night.
  2543  
  2544    CXLVIII
  2545  
  2546    O me! what eyes hath Love put in my head,
  2547    Which have no correspondence with true sight;
  2548    Or, if they have, where is my judgment fled,
  2549    That censures falsely what they see aright?
  2550    If that be fair whereon my false eyes dote,
  2551    What means the world to say it is not so?
  2552    If it be not, then love doth well denote
  2553    Love's eye is not so true as all men's: no,
  2554    How can it? O! how can Love's eye be true,
  2555    That is so vexed with watching and with tears?
  2556    No marvel then, though I mistake my view;
  2557    The sun itself sees not, till heaven clears.
  2558      O cunning Love! with tears thou keep'st me blind,
  2559      Lest eyes well-seeing thy foul faults should find.
  2560  
  2561    CXLIX
  2562  
  2563    Canst thou, O cruel! say I love thee not,
  2564    When I against myself with thee partake?
  2565    Do I not think on thee, when I forgot
  2566    Am of my self, all tyrant, for thy sake?
  2567    Who hateth thee that I do call my friend,
  2568    On whom frown'st thou that I do fawn upon,
  2569    Nay, if thou lour'st on me, do I not spend
  2570    Revenge upon myself with present moan?
  2571    What merit do I in my self respect,
  2572    That is so proud thy service to despise,
  2573    When all my best doth worship thy defect,
  2574    Commanded by the motion of thine eyes?
  2575      But, love, hate on, for now I know thy mind;
  2576      Those that can see thou lov'st, and I am blind.
  2577  
  2578    CL
  2579  
  2580    O! from what power hast thou this powerful might,
  2581    With insufficiency my heart to sway?
  2582    To make me give the lie to my true sight,
  2583    And swear that brightness doth not grace the day?
  2584    Whence hast thou this becoming of things ill,
  2585    That in the very refuse of thy deeds
  2586    There is such strength and warrantise of skill,
  2587    That, in my mind, thy worst all best exceeds?
  2588    Who taught thee how to make me love thee more,
  2589    The more I hear and see just cause of hate?
  2590    O! though I love what others do abhor,
  2591    With others thou shouldst not abhor my state:
  2592      If thy unworthiness rais'd love in me,
  2593      More worthy I to be belov'd of thee.
  2594  
  2595    CLI
  2596  
  2597    Love is too young to know what conscience is,
  2598    Yet who knows not conscience is born of love?
  2599    Then, gentle cheater, urge not my amiss,
  2600    Lest guilty of my faults thy sweet self prove:
  2601    For, thou betraying me, I do betray
  2602    My nobler part to my gross body's treason;
  2603    My soul doth tell my body that he may
  2604    Triumph in love; flesh stays no farther reason,
  2605    But rising at thy name doth point out thee,
  2606    As his triumphant prize. Proud of this pride,
  2607    He is contented thy poor drudge to be,
  2608    To stand in thy affairs, fall by thy side.
  2609      No want of conscience hold it that I call
  2610      Her 'love,' for whose dear love I rise and fall.
  2611  
  2612    CLII
  2613  
  2614    In loving thee thou know'st I am forsworn,
  2615    But thou art twice forsworn, to me love swearing;
  2616    In act thy bed-vow broke, and new faith torn,
  2617    In vowing new hate after new love bearing:
  2618    But why of two oaths' breach do I accuse thee,
  2619    When I break twenty? I am perjur'd most;
  2620    For all my vows are oaths but to misuse thee,
  2621    And all my honest faith in thee is lost:
  2622    For I have sworn deep oaths of thy deep kindness,
  2623    Oaths of thy love, thy truth, thy constancy;
  2624    And, to enlighten thee, gave eyes to blindness,
  2625    Or made them swear against the thing they see;
  2626      For I have sworn thee fair; more perjur'd I,
  2627      To swear against the truth so foul a lie!
  2628  
  2629    CLIII
  2630  
  2631    Cupid laid by his brand and fell asleep:
  2632    A maid of Dian's this advantage found,
  2633    And his love-kindling fire did quickly steep
  2634    In a cold valley-fountain of that ground;
  2635    Which borrow'd from this holy fire of Love,
  2636    A dateless lively heat, still to endure,
  2637    And grew a seeting bath, which yet men prove
  2638    Against strange maladies a sovereign cure.
  2639    But at my mistress' eye Love's brand new-fired,
  2640    The boy for trial needs would touch my breast;
  2641    I, sick withal, the help of bath desired,
  2642    And thither hied, a sad distemper'd guest,
  2643      But found no cure, the bath for my help lies
  2644      Where Cupid got new fire; my mistress' eyes.
  2645  
  2646    CLIV
  2647  
  2648    The little Love-god lying once asleep,
  2649    Laid by his side his heart-inflaming brand,
  2650    Whilst many nymphs that vow'd chaste life to keep
  2651    Came tripping by; but in her maiden hand
  2652    The fairest votary took up that fire
  2653    Which many legions of true hearts had warm'd;
  2654    And so the general of hot desire
  2655    Was, sleeping, by a virgin hand disarm'd.
  2656    This brand she quenched in a cool well by,
  2657    Which from Love's fire took heat perpetual,
  2658    Growing a bath and healthful remedy,
  2659    For men diseas'd; but I, my mistress' thrall,
  2660      Came there for cure and this by that I prove,
  2661      Love's fire heats water, water cools not love.
  2662  
  2663  
  2664  
  2665  
  2666  
  2667  
  2668  
  2669  
  2670  
  2671  
  2672  End of Project Gutenberg's Shakespeare's Sonnets, by William Shakespeare
  2673  
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Title: Shakespeare's Sonnets

Author: William Shakespeare


Language: English


*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SHAKESPEARE'S SONNETS ***














THE SONNETS

Search: `grep`

We can also use grep to search for patterns in multiple files.
This is particularly useful if you are trying to identify a file that contains, say, a function name
For example, to find all lines in a folder called “meals” that contain the word “pasta”, we can do:

## To visualise the tree structure
tree meals

meals
├── friday.csv
├── mealplan.csv
├── monday.csv
├── saturday.csv
├── sunday.csv
├── thursday.csv
├── tuesday.csv
└── wednesday.csv

1 directory, 8 files

grep -r "pasta" ./meals/

./meals//mealplan.csv:monday,muesli,sandwich,pasta
./meals//monday.csv:monday,muesli,sandwich,pasta

If you just want to know which files contain the pattern, you can use the -l flag:

grep -rl "pasta" ./meals/

./meals//mealplan.csv
./meals//monday.csv

Take a look at the grep man or cheat file for other useful examples and flags (e.g. -i for ignore case).

Try it yourself!

Now it’s your turn to practice with text files!
Download the text file with Shakespeare’s Sonnets from our repository
Go to the terminal and navigate to the directory where you saved the file
Then try to do the following:
- Find all lines in sonnets.txt that contain the word “time”
- View the last 20 lines in sonnets.txt
- Count the number of lines and words in sonnets.txt
- Tricky question: Find all lines in sonnets.txt that start with “and”
- [Super tricky question:] Find all lines in sonnets.txt that start with “and” and “And” Appendix 02

Manipulate text: `sed`

The sed command is a stream editor that can be used to perform basic text transformations on an input stream (a file or input from a pipeline)
For example, to replace all instances of “Project Gutenberg” with “Project Googleberg”, we can do (does not change the file):

sed 's/Project Gutenberg/Project Googleberg/g' sonnets.txt | head -n 5

The Project Googleberg EBook of Shakespeare's Sonnets, by William Shakespeare

This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
re-use it under the terms of the Project Googleberg License included

To save the changes to the file, you can use the -i flag:
- sed -i 's/Project Gutenberg/Project Googleberg/g' sonnets.txt
- Warning: Be careful with this command, as it will overwrite the original file!

The s command is used to substitute the first occurrence of a pattern in each line of a file
The g flag is used to replace all occurrences of the pattern in each line (global substitution)
The sed command can be used to perform more complex text transformations, such as deleting lines, inserting lines, and so on
To delete a line, you can use the d command:

sed '/Project Gutenberg/d' sonnets.txt

To read more about sed, check out the GNU documentation

Do you want to know more about `sed`?

Make sure to master regular expressions!

Good starting points are:

This chapter discussing regex in the context of the shell
Regular Expression in Python
This base R regex intro
This vignette from the stringr package

Nano: a CLI-based text editor

For when you need to make quick edits

Sometimes you need to make quick edits to a file, but you don’t want to open a full-fledged text editor like vim or VS Code
For this, you can use nano, a simple text editor that runs in the terminal
To open a file in nano, simply type nano filename
You can then use the arrow keys to navigate, and Ctrl + O to save and Ctrl + X to exit
For more information, check out the GNU documentation

Redirects, pipes, and loops 🔁

Redirects, pipes, and loops

You have learned about pipes (%>%, |>) in R already
Understanding the concept of pipelines in the shell, as well as how input and output work for command line programs is critical to be able to use the shell effectively
Think again of the Unix philosophy of “doing one thing, but doing it well” and combining multiple of these modules
Also, often you’ll want to dump output in a file as part of your workflow
Let’s learn how all this works

Redirect: `>`

You can send output from the shell to a file using the redirect operator >.
For example, let’s print a message to the shell using the echo command.

echo "At first, I was afraid, I was petrified"

If you wanted to save this output to a file, you need simply redirect it to the filename of choice.

echo "At first, I was afraid, I was petrified" > survive.txt
find survive.txt ## Show that it now exists

survive.txt

If you want to append text to an existing file, then you should use >>.
Using > will try to overwrite the existing file contents.

echo "'Kept thinking I could never live without you by my side" >> survive.txt
cat survive.txt

At first, I was afraid, I was petrified
'Kept thinking I could never live without you by my side

Pipes: `|`

The pipe operator | is one of the coolest features in Bash.
It allows us to chain (i.e. “pipe”) together a sequence of simple operations and thereby implement a more complex operation.
An example with commands we have already seen:

# Read the sonnet.txt file, find all lines that contain the word "time", and count the number of lines and words
cat sonnets.txt | grep "time" | wc -lw

      57     469

The | operator takes the output of the command on the left and uses it as input for the command on the right

# Another example: find all lines in sonnets.txt that contain the word "love" and print the first 5 lines
cat sonnets.txt | grep "love" | head -n 5

  Of his self-love to stop posterity?
  Calls back the lovely April of her prime;
  Unthrifty loveliness, why dost thou spend
  The lovely gaze where every eye doth dwell,
    No love toward others in that bosom sits

Iteration with for loops

Sometimes you want to loop an operation over certain parameters
for loops in Bash/Z shell work similarly to other programming languages that you are probably familiar with
The basic syntax is:

for i in LIST
do 
  OPERATION $i ## the $ sign indicates a variable in bash
done

We can also condense things into a single line by using ;.

for i in LIST; do OPERATION $i; done

Note: Using ; isn’t limited to for loops. Semicolons are a standard way to denote line endings in Bash/Z shell

Example 1: Create directories with a for loop

To help make things concrete, here’s a simple for loop in action
We will use it to create directories with the names dir1, dir2, dir3, and dir4

for i in {1..4}; do mkdir dir$i; done
ls -d dir*
rm -rf dir*

dir1
dir2
dir3
dir4

The {1..4} part generates a sequence of numbers
The for i in ... loop iterates through each number in that sequence
For each iteration, mkdir dir$i creates a new directory.
The $i is replaced with the current number in the sequence (1, 2, 3, or 4)
The command creates four directories named dir1, dir2, dir3, and dir4

Scripting with the shell 📜

Scripting with the shell

The shell is a powerful scripting language in its own right
You can write shell scripts to automate tasks, such as downloading files, processing data, and generating reports
Shell scripts are text files that contain a sequence of shell commands
You can run a shell script by typing bash script.sh or ./script.sh in the terminal

Example: Shell script

Let’s write a simple shell script that creates a new directory with three subdirectories and three files in each subdirectory, then lists the contents of the new directory, then removes the new directory
The same thing we did before
We’ll call the script create_project.sh
In the first line of the script, we use #!/bin/sh to specify that the script should be run by the sh shell
This is called a “shebang” line, and it tells the shell which interpreter to use. More information here

Paste the code above into a text editor and save it as create_project.sh
Make the script executable by running chmod +x create_project.sh
Run the script by typing ./create_project.sh

#!/bin/sh
mkdir -p project/{scripts,data,docs}
touch project/scripts/{preprocessing,analysis,visualization}.py
touch project/data/{raw_data,processed_data}.csv
touch project/docs/{readme.txt,notes.txt}
ls -alh project
rm -rf project

## Make the script executable
chmod +x create_project.sh

## Run the script
./create_project.sh

total 0
drwxr-xr-x@  5 dafreir  staff   160B Sep 22 23:32 .
drwxr-xr-x@ 14 dafreir  staff   448B Sep 22 23:32 ..
drwxr-xr-x@  4 dafreir  staff   128B Sep 22 23:32 data
drwxr-xr-x@  4 dafreir  staff   128B Sep 22 23:32 docs
drwxr-xr-x@  5 dafreir  staff   160B Sep 22 23:32 scripts

Next steps 🚀

Things we didn’t cover here

I hope that I’ve given you a sense of how the shell works and how powerful it is. My main goal has been to “demystify” the shell, so that you aren’t intimidated when we use shell commands later on

We didn’t cover many things in detail:

User roles and file permissions, environment variables, SSH, memory management (e.g. top and htop), GNU parallel, etc
Automation; see here, here, and here are great places to start learning about automation on your own

Additional material

If you want to dig deeper, check out

The Unix Shell (Software Carpentery)
The Unix Workbench (Sean Kross)
Data Science at the Command Line (Jeroen Janssens)
Effective Shell (Dave Kerr)
Efficient Way To Process Large Text/Log Files Using Awk With Python
Using AWK and R to parse 25tb (Nick Strayer)
./jq
awk

Summary

Shells can be used to navigate the file system, manage files, and work with text files
mkdir and touch create directories and files
rm and rmdir remove files and directories
cp and mv copy and move files
head, tail, cat, wc, and grep
We can use > and >> to redirect output to a file
The pipe operator | allows us to chain commands together
Shells also allows for loops to iterate over a list of items
Shell scripts are a great tool to automate tasks (and the’re quite fast too!)

And that’s all for today! 🥳

Thank you very much and see you next weel! 😊 🙏🏼

Appendix 01: Solution to the exercise

# Create the project structure
mkdir -p project/{scripts,data,docs}

# Create the required files
touch project/scripts/{preprocessing,analysis,visualization}.py
touch project/data/{raw_data,processed_data}.csv
touch project/docs/{readme.txt,notes.txt} # Extension explicit

# Rename raw_data.csv to input_data.csv
mv project/data/raw_data.csv project/data/input_data.csv

# Copy all Python files in scripts to a new backup directory
mkdir project/backup
cp project/scripts/*.py project/backup/

# Remove the notes.txt file from the docs directory
rm project/docs/notes.txt

# List all folders in the project directory in long and human-readable format
ls -alh project

## Remove all folders
rm -rf project

total 0
drwxr-xr-x@  6 dafreir  staff   192B Sep 22 23:32 .
drwxr-xr-x@ 14 dafreir  staff   448B Sep 22 23:32 ..
drwxr-xr-x@  5 dafreir  staff   160B Sep 22 23:32 backup
drwxr-xr-x@  4 dafreir  staff   128B Sep 22 23:32 data
drwxr-xr-x@  3 dafreir  staff    96B Sep 22 23:32 docs
drwxr-xr-x@  5 dafreir  staff   160B Sep 22 23:32 scripts

Back to the main text

Appendix 02: Solution to the exercise

# Find all lines in sonnets.txt that contain the word "time"
grep "time" sonnets.txt

  But as the riper should by time decease,
  Now is the time that face should form another;
  Despite of wrinkles this thy golden time.
  For never-resting time leads summer on
  Or ten times happier, be it ten for one;
  Ten times thy self were happier than thou art,
  If ten of thine ten times refigur'd thee:
  If all were minded so, the times should cease
  When I do count the clock that tells the time,
  That thou among the wastes of time must go,
  Who will believe my verse in time to come,
    But were some child of yours alive that time,
  Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,
  And every fair from fair sometime declines,
  When in eternal lines to time thou grow'st,
  But when in thee time's furrows I behold,
  And with old woes new wail my dear time's waste:
  Compare them with the bett'ring of the time,
    This wish I have; then ten times happy me!
  Be thou the tenth Muse, ten times more in worth
  To entertain the time with thoughts of love,
  Which time and thoughts so sweetly doth deceive,
  When I am sometime absent from thy heart,
  I must attend time's leisure with my moan;
  Another time mine eye is my heart's guest,
  Against that time, if ever that time come,
  Against that time when thou shalt strangely pass,
  Against that time do I ensconce me here,
  That sometimes anger thrusts into his hide,
  So is the time that keeps you as my chest,
  Than unswept stone, besmear'd with sluttish time.
  Upon the hours, and times of your desire?
  I have no precious time at all to spend;
  I should in thought control your times of pleasure,
  That you yourself may privilage your time
    And yet to times in hope, my verse shall stand.
  For such a time do I now fortify
  When sometime lofty towers I see down-raz'd,
  Thy worth the greater being woo'd of time;
  That time of year thou mayst in me behold
  Sometime all full with feasting on your sight,
  Why with the time do I not glance aside
  Some fresher stamp of the time-bettering days.
  And yet this time removed was summer's time;
  In gentle numbers time so idly spent;
  And make time's spoils despised every where.
    Therefore like her, I sometime hold my tongue:
  When in the chronicle of wasted time
  Of this our time, all you prefiguring;
  Now with the drops of this most balmy time,
    Where time and outward form would show it dead.
  Just to the time, not with the time exchang'd,
  And given to time your own dear-purchas'd right;
  As I by yours, you've pass'd a hell of time;
  Whereto th' inviting time our fashion calls:
    To this I witness call the fools of time,
  May time disgrace and wretched minutes kill.

Appendix 02: Solution to the exercise

# View the last 20 lines in sonnets.txt
tail -n 20 sonnets.txt

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Appendix 02: Solution to the exercise

# Count the number of lines and words in sonnets.txt
wc -lw sonnets.txt

    3029   20701 sonnets.txt

Appendix 02: Solution to the exercise

# Find all lines in sonnets.txt that start with "and"
grep -n "^and" sonnets.txt

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2786:and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees
2945:and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations.
2947:and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4
2948:and the Foundation information page at www.gutenberg.org

# Find all lines in sonnets.txt that start with "and" and "And"
# You have to include the -i flag to ignore case!
grep -in "^and" sonnets.txt

2724:and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
2740:and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
2786:and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees
2945:and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations.
2947:and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4
2948:and the Foundation information page at www.gutenberg.org

Back to the main text

QTM 350 - Data Science Computing

Recap and lecture overview 📚

Brief recap

Why the shell?

Managing your files 🗂

Managing your files

Create: mkdir and touch

Remove: rm and rmdir

Copy: cp

Move (and rename): mv

Wildcards

Find

File management exercise 📂

File management exercise

I will show you some time-saving tips after the exercise

How to use {} to create multiple files or directories

Other tips: &&, || and tree

Working with text files 📄

Working with text files

Counting text: wc

Read text: cat

Preview: head and tail

Search: grep

Search: grep

Try it yourself!

Manipulate text: sed

Do you want to know more about sed?

Make sure to master regular expressions!

Nano: a CLI-based text editor

For when you need to make quick edits

Redirects, pipes, and loops 🔁

Redirects, pipes, and loops

Redirect: >

Pipes: |

Iteration with for loops

Example 1: Create directories with a for loop

Scripting with the shell 📜

Scripting with the shell

Example: Shell script

Next steps 🚀

Things we didn’t cover here

Additional material

Summary

And that’s all for today! 🥳

Thank you very much and see you next weel! 😊 🙏🏼

Appendix 01: Solution to the exercise

Appendix 02: Solution to the exercise

Appendix 02: Solution to the exercise

Appendix 02: Solution to the exercise

Appendix 02: Solution to the exercise

Create: `mkdir` and `touch`

Remove: `rm` and `rmdir`

Copy: `cp`

Move (and rename): `mv`

How to use `{}` to create multiple files or directories

Other tips: `&&`, `||` and `tree`

Counting text: `wc`

Read text: `cat`

Preview: `head` and `tail`

Search: `grep`

Search: `grep`

Manipulate text: `sed`

Do you want to know more about `sed`?

Redirect: `>`

Pipes: `|`